Midterm Exam questions

1. How can agriculture be seen as a development caused by politics or religion? What are the main ideas behind those theories? The development of agriculture as caused by religion and politics is comprehended when seeing how this economic activity affects food – its supply and production. Food, when its supply is limited and its acquisition is very difficult, tends to be equally distributed among those who engaged in its production. This was what characterized the earlier stages of our evolution. Everything, from food gathering and hunting, to cooking and eating, were social in nature because man was pitted against an environment that he still did not master. Thus, working together was the sole manner in which man was able to adapt to his environment and eventually survive. Cooking, with man’s discovery of fire, and subsequently eating food carried with it certain rituals that celebrated its availability and the human sustenance it will provide. As this process of mastering and changing nature as a culture continued, other ways of producing greater and more reliable amounts of food were discovered as in animal domestication and agriculture. When production activities eventually produced more food than what the social group needed, it was then that inequality in terms of the distribution of work involved and of its products emerged (p.51). This was what characterized the earlier engagement of man with plant propagation. While the elite (the nobility or those who ruled) do not work because they owned the land, they had an abundance of food. They are categorized as the non-food producers of society. Below them in the class structure, farmers toiled in the fields and ate less, giving land tribute to those who owned it. This kind of politics or the power over access to food without actually engaging in its labor enabled the elites to engage and further develop knowledge, not only in production but in warfare, philosophy, religion and the sciences. The social rituals involved in the pre-agriculture way of life of man, gave rise to religions that were integrated into the cycles of agricultural food production (p.52). Each stage of the cycle involves rituals that would ensure a season of plenty and bountiful harvests are celebrated with grand, religious festivals of eating the fields’ first produce. For example, the Aztecs conducted mass eating of sacred beans and corn stew, ingredients that came from the season’s harvests. Hence, both the political system and religious practices established the role of agriculture in society’s methods of food acquisition. 2. What are the common features of government and religion across all the river valley civilizations? Why were they common? Civilizations tended to rise in river valley areas because the physical conditions of these environments permitted a sustainable source of water for agriculture. This is a far better situation as opposed to farmers’ dependence on unpredictable rain fall. The waters also served as carriers of minerals vital to the maintenance of soil fertility. A reliable supply of water means a higher probability of superior crops and good harvest. Good harvest also means food abundance or excess, human energy and life. The excess in food supply enabled man to engage in other fields of human development. Governments or their political structures are also quite similar in that there are rulers-emperors and pharaohs for example, who belong to the elite class. Serving them as officials are the religious (priests, scribes) and military leaders and bureaucrats. Governments are centralized with institutionalized ways of administration as evidenced in the laws, codes and policies enacted and enforced through force or otherwise (p.79). The consolidated political control over the whole population resulted in an integrated economy and a homogenous culture (p.86). Hence, the trading of the surplus of economic production through the labor of farmers or artisans became possible and gave rise to a class of merchants and traders. Trading, or the export of excess food and other products and the import of food and other products not available locally, was a financially lucrative enterprise for elites and governments, not to mention the luxury food and non-food items they acquired out of it. Hence, kingdoms, empires and dynasties waged conquests upon their neighbors to control trade i.e. to eliminate competition (p.95). The enhancement of its routes (i.e. master the rivers, seas and land for trade) was also one objective. The history of the Silk Road is an example of this. These imperialistic undertakings also made way for them to obtain other tradable resources made abundant in the conquered societies through the latter’s own production efforts (p.96). In this manner of establishing control of others through force, they also protected their society’s resources (including their food supply). Religions across the river valley civilizations are characterized as involving elements of the natural environment as their gods (p.64). The Hindus considered water and some animals as sacred, Chinese religions centered on man’s harmony and unity with nature, civilizations pay tribute to the sun and moon. Incidentally, religion was not separate from government and their theology involved not just one but many deities who form a hierarchical system. Their practices reflect their interaction with nature as in crop cultivation, hunting, silk production, pottery making, etc. However, these religions were influenced by other religions as cultural contact as the result of trade became possible. The commonalities in government and religion among river valley civilizations stems from the same objective economic and political conditions which are consequences of their capacities to produce surplus food and other products for human consumption, adaptation to their environment. 3. What common characteristics of the empires of Assyria and Babylon share? What factors caused their failure? The empires of Assyria and Babylon were both river valley civilizations located in what is called the Fertile Crescent, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They both had a developed agricultural production, engaged in trading, philosophy, science and technology, the latter leading them to build ships, hanging gardens and more sophisticated weapons. They both had armies and conducted imperialistic conquests of each other and neighboring states. Failure was mostly due to internal instabilities of their empires (p.105). For instance, Assyria focused so much on war, its military and related technologies, spreading its armies so thinly in efforts to conquer as many other states as possible. Their thin dispersal made them vulnerable to other empire-states who were after the same objective or who just did not wish to be subjugated and reduced to slave labor. As a result, the basic agricultural production for food was neglected as more of the population became soldiers. More importantly, diversification of food production was not considered significant to merit attention. Reliance on just one method of domestic food production as well as conquest and trade for obtaining resources also fostered reliance on the great rivers for irrigation as a trade route (p.126). This did not prepare them for environmental and climate shifts wherein the rivers receded and became heavily silted adversely affecting agriculture and trade. Partner states in trade also ceased to engage in it because of their own specific internal problems. The resulting limitations in food and resources supply led to more wars and conquests which characterized the region of Mesopotamia and eventually wore down some of the empires (p.127). 4. Compare and contrast the three Chinese philosophical ideologies: Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. Taoism is an ideology that focuses on the individual and his life’s mission of finding his place in the world. In order to achieve this, one has to study nature and one’s self as integral to it. Taoism promotes a view of nature whose beauty and rhythm is driven by a pervasive power in the universe. Drastic changes to the natural course of things would ruin this rhythm and balance (p.316). Confucianism emphasizes unity with one’s social and natural environment, establishing social stability through non-violent means (p.317). Man should nurture himself and the natural environment as well. It teaches adherence to society’s values and rituals, the hierarchical social order, education for further self-development and the government’s role of earning trust through ensuring and protecting public welfare. It further promotes the common good in every endeavor through both individual and cooperative efforts. Legalism on the other hand, teaches the absolute rule of law in creating social stability. Because man is considered as innately self-centered, punishing those who break the law and rewarding those who adhere to it makes people law-abiding. It advocated utilitarianism, or engaging in activities that directly benefits others such as agriculture (p.317). Both Taoism and Confucianism promote harmony with the environment while Legalism, through its utilitarian principles, sought the labor of people in transforming the environment through agriculture, the building of the Great Wall and others. While Taoism values the individual, Confucianism values the social structure while Legalism, the law. Nature unobstructed is central to Taoism, while Confucianism tends to include promote harmony with nature as well as changing it as long as it constitutes the common good. Legalism discourages discourse on non-practical matters and focuses on nature only if it is within the realms of the law. Reference: Fernandez-Armesto, F. (2006) The World: A History Volume One to 1500. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Â   Â   Â  

Bas Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet Essay

Baz Luhrmann’s main aim from his Romeo and Juliet film was to create a film which would trickle the minds of youngsters, or what is also known as the MTV generation, who don’t enjoy watching Shakespeare’s plays. His main aim was getting the MTV generation to watch and ‘enjoy’ Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet without dieing of boredom. He did this by looking at the movies MTV generation watches today, which mainly includes technology, action, guns etc to get youngsters interested. What he concluded in the film which attracted youngsters was that he replaced the original assets used in the original play into modern equipment, for example, swords were changed to guns, old fashion clothes into today’s clothes etc but one thing which he kept in the original form is the dialogue, the script. He also had other aims which were to make a film so that youngsters world wide would want to watch it. The film was a success in the world as it made à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½98m worldwide, in America alone it made 46m so the film was a hit all over the world.  The prologue in the beginning of the film was set out to make us, the audience, understand what she is saying clearly. This was done by showing a news presenter on TV quite far away, she was wearing modern clothes but basically she was a normal news presenter to us. All she done did was read the prologue from the play. This simplifies the language used by Shakespeare as we think the words, which the news presenter is saying is in modern language but because it is set out in a modern way, we automatically presume it is in modern language and understand what she is saying. The layout of this is, a female TV presenter reading the prologue from the TV which is in a distance, but the camera slowly zooms into the TV so that at the end all we see is the news presenter reading the prologue with a picture over her left shoulder showing a broken ring and the title underneath which is ‘star crossed lovers’ all in modern day settings. The prologue also tells as that this is a story about two families who hate each other and who compete with each other to show who’s greater. The prologue, voice over, images, words, is used to guide audiences who didn’t completely understand the news presenter as it had images describing what she said, words written after it was said by the voice and images shown to describe what she meant. This simplified the whole prologue, you could almost say Baz Luhrmann was holding our hand and taking us through the prologue slowly again and again until we understood it. The images in the prologue were taken from the streets of America, they were mainly violence which is what consists in our society today. IT had fast camera action, for example, it zoomed in and from the Jesus statue, it had fast camera movements from the helicopter, from the streets, police pursues etc after each word or sentence was read out from the prologue, and if this wasn’t enough, Luhrmann put the words on the screen scrolling through or just appearing to show that audience what was said. IT had modern music in the background which includes hip hop, rock music etc to attract youngsters to watch the film without getting bored. Baz Luhrmann chose to begin like this because it was the most suitable way to keep the audience, especially the youngsters, to say ‘what happens next?’ and want to carry on watching the film without getting bored. Luhrmann’s main idea was to get the begging fast and furious to hold on to the audience and want them to understand Shakespeare’s script with them imitating what the words meant in movements, body language, how they said it etc. He used this because is most other films, the beginnings were started off with action to hold on to its audience without boring them and making want more. The gas station was the most important scene in the beginning of the film. This is because they used 170 different shots just to make up the first five minutes, this is because there was a lot of action, slow motion, fast movements, cameras zooming in and out, fast editing of certain scenes etc. IT started off with the Montague’s coming in the scene with their car in to one part of the gas station and the Capulet’s entering the scene on the other part of the gas station. The introduction of each character is set out by showing the characters and pausing them with their names on them. They introduce each side to us by zooming onto the bottom of their guns when they threaten each other, under each sides guns, their names are written which is the Capulet’s and the Montague’s. The fight starts off when the Montague’s see the Capulet’s, the Capulet’s scare the Montague’s and the Montague’s insult the Capulet’s by biting their thumb at the them. At this moment the head of the Montague’s come out and start the fight, straight away a shoot out starts and they shoot at each other. When they shoot at each other the camera uses slow motion, fast editing etc to show the audience action to get their focus on the film. The camera basically introduces the characters slowly and then uses fast editing thereafter. The music used in the film varies a lot as there was a mixture of music used, this ranged from, rock to spaghetti western. This were used in specific parts of the film. The beginning started off with classical when the dialogue was read out by a deep male voice, the part when the Montague’s are in their car is rock and hip hop, and the part where the Capulet’s are introduced is spaghetti western. There were also other sound effects used in the film when one of the Capulet’s had ‘SIN’ written on a metal plate above his tooth which was an animals voice which frightened the Montague’s. There’s also other sounds for instance ‘whoosh’ when bullets fly past their heads, music played when the characters are in slow motion etc This is all used to attract the audiences attention and to get them pumped up, the music is basically ion your face. Tybalt’s shoes makes a particular noise when he walks, this is ‘ching’, this noise particularly gets to the audience when he puts out a match in the gas station by rubbing the metal part on the match to the floor, this sends a shiver through the spines of some people which is used to get the full attention of some people or it makes them look at it in great detail. The representations of each gang is set out differently. Montague’s is introduced first and are shown as trouble makers, this is done by them being dressed up in normal casual wear, for instance, baggy colourful clothing, more open etc. The music used to show them is more of a rock type of song but it also features them listening to hip hop when one part of the music goes ‘the boys! the boys!’. They are shown to be the cool boys of the town who have a great car and ride around listening to loud music. They shout when they talk, this is to attract the audiences attention once again. They also chase off the sisters in the gas station by one of the members licking his nipple in front of them who he then confronts the Capulet’s. The Capulet’s are shown to be more serious with their gang but the representation of the Montague’s are shown as they are the hipsters of the area who are out for a laugh and a good time. This represents the Montague’s innocent in the shoot out and the Capulet’s of the more powerful side having a laugh with them with their powerful ook.

Black And White Women Of The Old

South Essay, Research Paper Minrose Gwin? s book, Black and White Women of the Old South, argues that history has jobs with objectivity. Her book brings to life interesting readings on the position of the adult females of the old South and movable bondage in historical American fiction and autobiography. Gwin? s chief statements discussed how the white adult females of the South in no manner wanted to expose any sort of compassion for a fellow adult female of African descent. Gwin described the sistership between black and white adult females as a violent connexion ( pg 4 ) . Not merely that, Gwin? s book discusses the thought that for most of the eighteenth and 19th century, a black adult female normally got subjected to supplanting of sexual and mental defeat of white adult females. Gwin discusses how these black adult females, because of the sexual and mental maltreatment, felt looked down on more by Whites and hence reduced to even a lower degree than that of white adult females? s position of being a a dult female. . A southern white female slave proprietor merely saw black adult females as another slave, or worse. White adult females needed to make this in order to maintain themselves from experiencing that they were of higher position than every one else except for their hubby. White adult females as, Gwin describes, ever proved that they had complete control and black adult females needed to bow to them. Gwin? s book discusses that the white male slave proprietors brought this onto the black adult females on the plantation. They would ravish black adult females, and so alternatively of the white adult females covering with their hubbies. They would travel after the black adult females merely since the married womans had no power over the hubbies, but they maintained entire control of the slaves, the white adult females would assail the black adult females and do their lives really diffucult. The white adult females would do certain that the black adult females understood that the white adult f emales wholly hated the black adult females for being raped and wanted merely hurting for the them. This is how the black adult females of that clip got the stereotypes of being really sexual existences and hated by there oppressors. You can see grounds of this when Gwin discussed the worlds of such hatred in the book Absalom, Absalom by William Faulkner. The chief character, Clytie, sexual assaults by her male maestro disturbances her because she doesn? t desire to be involved with him, but her female maestro feels that she should be punished for it. So the white female slave proprietor beats her and abuses her every bit much as possible. The transition goes on to demo how colza, gets Clytie labeled as a prostitute. The book discussed how one of the rule grounds as to how the white adult female or kept woman and the black adult females got along, depends on whether or non the slave adult females appeared to endanger the societal position of the adult females. When the white work forces tried to ravish the black adult females it made the white adult females socially look like nil more than a slave. This made the white adult females experience forced to turn out to the black adult females that power still remained in the white adult female? s corner regardless of the maestro? s sexual desires. The kept womans made certain that the slave adult females understood that they valued less than any white adult females, for the chief ground that the white adult female had true power every bit long as the chief wanted her. An illustration of this that I read would be when a white adult female externally expressed that she worried chiefly about her loss of power, non really about matrimony. Saphire, a ficti onal character that Gwin analyzes, says # 8230 ; chiefly concerned with her power # 8230 ; she views her hubbies fondnesss for a slave as an undercutting of her power over him in their relationship which. As the hubby himself describes every bit, what makes her the maestro and him the Miller. ( pg 133 ) The slave that caused this disquieted normally received many whippings and unneeded overworking of the slave. At the clip, this intervention was non unheard of and needed, the white slave proprietors used it as an illustration to demo all slaves that they were non deserving the air they breath except in the Fieldss. And even those who were non involved were treated as sub-human and found that life remained difficult for them. Gwin describes the black communications with their oppressors as a alternate female parent and her kids that demand counsel, looking after, and strong subject. The black adult females knew that no affair what she did she would acquire whippings from the white adult females and their kept womans, they took movable bondage to its boundaries in how the adult females treated the black adult females when they felt threatened. White adult females didn? T merely physical ly abuse the black adult female they besides mentally abused her. The slave adult females were associated with sex and loss of control, sexually implicative, and wild Negroes. ( pg 119 ) These derogative names were what most white adult females came to pigeonhole as being the definition of the mean black adult female. So they to had it difficult when they were being worked by the adult female of the house. Bing that the mere thought that if you were a black adult female your kept woman or lady of the house felt threatened by your presence, so they did at that place best to do certain the black adult females got to pall and to moo of self-pride to make anything. In are category we discussed how adult females, during the 1700? s A ; 1800? s, began to conflict with their functions in society. Our category observed how adult females? s lives began to alter during this clip period. The adult females of this clip period were raised to believe in a patriarcle system because it promised to protect, privilege, and subordinate them. We took note in our category room lectures that finally this system gave adult females a great sum of power being they had what their hubby wanted. This book gives good illustrations of what happened to this system and how it starts to alter from its manner. The slave adult females? s sexual relationship with the white hubbies had made it really hard for the adult females to hold the power they had in their places, and the system was non functioning them as it should, so the adult females made a alteration. This illustration of how the adult females had gone from a life style that they enjoyed to taking some duty over th eir life. The adult females had to get down do certain for herself that she still remained at her proper lady position no affair what her hubby does, and that is why they beat and made the lives of African adult females much harder. But more significantly you can see how the white adult females of the South were get downing to do the alterations needed to acquire what they needed from society, by utilizing their ain system that works the best for them. This shows the alteration from entire power to obtaining things on their ain. Because of these alterations in their life styles adult females found they needed change their individuality in order to maintain some sort of power. Gwin? s book goes on to speak about how the white adult female? s lifestyle alterations. And how they got straight involved in their lives, and get down looking out for themselves, being that the system of the hubby looking out for her began to vanish. The white adult females of the south felt threatened by wha t they felt could be a definite challenge to their power and they needed to get down to alter so that they could still be able to accomplish the ends that they need fulfilled in life. The southern adult females during this clip period were holding to go much independent and get down to acquire occupations and all become more active in the ways of working because the South could non stay the same with the release of the slaves. Womans had began to acquire occupations and work along side of her hubby, and get down to go more involved in the mundane ways of life. I think that Gwin? s book is a good illustration of what has and still is go oning to adult females. Their life style is ever altering. Gwin? s statement that life was neer a sistership between the inkinesss and white in the alleged American fiction and autobiography seems prove true. These adult females were really much different and the ethnocentrism in a white adult female keeps her from of all time acquiring past the dark tegument, and makes the white adult females experience more like the Africans were more of an animate being so an existent individual. The white adult females ever feels that the slave must understand that the adult male may rank higher than her but even if her hubby wants to mess around so mistake goes to the slave non the hubbies. And the slave will neer be to her degree, because the black slave will neer be a lady. And in the book you can see how the white adult females lost there power in the house and that their system of life that they received didn? t prove to work out any longer for them so they had to try to set to a manner life took would take them. I feel that Gwin argues that the chief ground for the confrontations for the battle of power became apparent in that it had gotten to indicate that certain black adult females would non allow their ain female proprietors hit them. This is an illustration of how non merely how the Whites adult females challenged the system, but besides how the slave adult females started to do alterations in how they willed to be treated. Bibliographic commendation Gwin, Minrose. Black And White Women Of The Old South. Knoxville: Tennessee Press, 1985.

Population And Region of South and East Asia Essay

Population And Region of South and East Asia - Essay Example Nearly every mainland is made up of river valleys, highlands, coastal plains and mountainous regions. The increasing human population in the region has encroached on the tropical forests due to increasing demand for settlement and cultivation land. Although large forest lands still exist, much of the frontier has been taken up by human settlement. The settlement patterns in the region as originally influenced by natural water sources such as freshwater lakes and rivers because they were a source of food as well as a medium of transportation. Environmental factors The people of the region have greatly affected the environmental conditions in the region. Majority of the region is located within the humid tropics with the climate being determined as monsoonal. The region has attracted a number of animals such as the orangutan, the Sumatran rhino, Asian elephant, and Malayan tapir. The region has three major species of tiger namely the Malayan tiger, Sumatran tiger, and the Indochinese t iger. Some unique species of animals are found in this region such as the Komodo dragon which has been regarded as the largest living species of lizards (United Arab Emirates News Agency). Due to the surging population in the region, some of the animals in the region have been described as the endangered species due to their diminishing chances of survival. The people have destroyed the natural habitats of the animals such as the tiger and elephants besides hunting them for their precious skin and other body parts.

Litterature 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Litterature 2 - Essay Example This story is very engaging due to the fact that Baden does not only show actions; he inserts necessary inner thoughts of the narrator into the story line. Life and death are two central in the story as they are applied to the appropriate context. The plot is designed in a way to make the appearance of death unexpected. The closeness to death makes the feeling of suspense very intense. Defeated expectancy effect which creates the culmination renders the feeling of horror and despair. The story has a complex narrator. Obviously, it is told as a memory of the grown up narrator about his years in military. Differences between memories and present day comments can be identified by the use of tense. Recollections are written in the past tense while comments are inserted in the present tense. For instance, one can see this difference in the lines â€Å"At the time I was often preoccupied with my physical appearance† and â€Å"Until today I wonder just how during this time of fighting they had the time to greet me with smiles that I’ll never forget† (Baden). They correspond to different layers of time mixed in the story. The essay is told from the perspective of young and inexperienced soldier who takes the same position as the reader in the story. Limited narrative perspective intensifies feelings it evokes. Moreover, it helps to identify with the narrator in the story and participate in it for the reader. Increased attention to the green socks which attracted the attention of the narrator makes this effect even more dramatic. People do not talk about the dead in this way. The focus on this little detail shows makes all readers feel confidents that the soldiers are alive. Moreover, the socks are perceived as rather annoying objects because they are too bright for the gloomy and dark environment. The descriptions of the setting are very masculine. They are minimalistic in details and very laconic in verbal representation if

HR policies regarding workplace behavior Term Paper

HR policies regarding workplace behavior - Term Paper Example As a rule, workplace ethics are often regarded as an integral part of the workplace behavior, therefore, all the aspects of the HR policies should be reviewed from the perspective of the overall atmosphere improvement in the company, as well as the overall performance efficiency growth. Workplace Behavior and Ethics As it is stated in the research by Covey (2000), the conflict causing behavior is rather contagious, since the entire personnel may become contaminated with the improper behavior. This incurs additional (and often, hidden) costs for the company, while the destructive behavior, such as rudeness, gossiping, incessant complaining, ignoring etc., causes losses in productivity and efficiency. In accordance with the research by Lord et.al. (2002), it should be emphasized that behavior and ethics are the essential aspects of employment, since both assist in the company’s attempts to improve the profitability. This is explained by the statement that all the employees have different moral values, ethical backgrounds, behavioral norms etc, while the key employer’s task is to harmonize the cooperation of these people by setting rules and regulations that are intended to adjust certain compromises. In general, every company has a specific set of rules that are not associated with the general working procedures directly. These rules are intended to specify which behavior is acceptable, and which is not, and are mainly associated with harassment, language, smoking and eating at working place, as well as working attire. Some of these rules are stipulated by the domestic legislation, while the others originate from the corporate traditions and HR experience. As for the smoking regulations, it should be emphasized that these rules are intended to maximize comfort for all the employees and customers of the company, as well as for improving the fire safety measures. In this case, a compromise is set between a company and all the employees who smoke, sinc e the company agrees to allocate a specific area for smoking, or implement control systems (in case of non-smoking policy), while smokers agree not to smoke in the areas where smoking is forbidden. Ethical behavior, generally, involves various aspects: Integrity. As a rule, this aspect is mainly required for the positions with high financial or any other material responsibility; however, most companies encourage integrity for the entire personnel. In accordance with the research by Estlund (2003), high integrity promotes the absence of gossips and sneakiness among employees. Accountability. In fact, it is often included into the list of unspoken requirements for any worker, since employees are obliged to take responsibility for the particular set of actions. However, most managerial and executive positions have this requirement listed in the job descriptions. Additionally, this involves coming in time, putting honest efforts while performing the job, etc. Teamwork. Actually, this is not an obligatory ethical requirement, nevertheless, employees interact with each other, and hence, this interaction should not be discouraging for the overall organizational performance. This means that personal dislike should be set aside, as the team will have to concentrate on reaching the corporate goal. Commitment. Similarly to previous aspects, this one is not regarded as an

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence Essay

Considering both sides of the conflict, could the War for Independence have been avoided Consider military engagements prior to - Essay Example The textbook says that â€Å"Britain had previously never exercised much direct control over the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).† In contrast, the reality was that pre-war measures taken by Britain like the establishment of Proclamation Line, placement of the British garrisons and arbitrarily taxing the colonies amounted to blatant attempts to exercise control while sidelining the popular aspirations of the colonies (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53). One direct outcome of this political debacle on the part of Britain was its highhanded approach towards things based on the false perceptions created by the Loyalists. It was true that,†England underestimated the militia’s potential and patriot numerical strength (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 56).† The conflict could have been avoided if Britain had given heed to the popular expressions of dissent rising way back in 1765, when only select colonies vouched for complete independence. A majority of t he patriots even during the early phase of the war were fighting for their rights as English subjects and not for complete independence (Millett & Maslowski, 1994, p. 53).

The economic performance of the UK compared to Japan since 1990 has Essay - 1

The economic performance of the UK compared to Japan since 1990 has clearly demonstrated the superiority of the Anglo Saxon model over State Led Capitalism. Discuss - Essay Example Where as in state led capitalism, the productive forces are directed and controlled by the government in a capitalist manner. It is a social system combining capitalism with state ownership. Anglo Saxon economic model encourages innovation, competitiveness, and promote overall prosperity, and produces less inequality and poverty at the lowest margins of a society. It creates more jobs and delivers better working conditions as seen in UK where working condition is better than Japan. When people invest their own money, they have a chance to make profit by best efforts. Here production utilises at optimum level as the individual interest is involved. Competition pushes the producer to take up productive steps such as new technology, cost cutting, and use of best supply chain for making good profit (Schmidt, Vivien A., 2002). Other than these advantages, this economy also proves some disadvantages. This model of economy is responsible for a life of low wages and long hours for its employees. It creates inequality in society as the more talented and innovative people build strong financial position compared to less skilled individuals. Adding, poverty rates which were substantially higher in recent years in UK, where the economy is basically followed by Anglo Saxon economy model (Schmidt, Vivien A, 2002). State led capitalism economy advocates for the principle of individual rights. Consistent and rapid economic growth is the proven outcome of this economy. Human welfare is common in this economy. Its decentralised system of coordination is the greatest strength of its economy. But it has also some negative factors in its model. Because of more government intervention, social evils like nepotism, corruption, poor management may hurt the growth rate. In United Kingdom, Anglo Saxon model has allowed higher incomes for low paid workers, and at the same time it enhanced

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends Essay

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends - Essay Example It is about the story of a prisoner, Gregory, who places complete trust in the friendship of his enemy. Gregory was given two chances to escape to save his own life but he fails to run away. Gregory is materialistic. He cares only for his present which is comfortable enough for him. He does not realize his friend must obey his superior and that means that his friend will kill him. Gregory is shot but he does not die immediately. He hangs on to his friend for life or for death. His friend is forced to shoot him several times in order to make a clean killing. His friend honors Gregory by not humiliating his body with a public hanging. Gregory thinks that his friend has breached his trust by shooting him. His soldier friend blames Gregory's stupidity for his death.Nabil Gorgy wrote Cairo Is a Small City in 1983. This story is about Engineer Adil Salim, who is killed in revenge for his murder of a bedouin man, Mubarak bin Rabia. Adil is a proud man who has a big ego. He thinks of himself being intelligent because he is educated as an engineer. He makes the false overture of drawing attention to himself by his blatant courtship of a beautiful bedouin girl named Salma. He is watched and recognized as the murderer of Mubarak. The bedouins plot their vengeance craftily. They are above reproach as they use the girl, Salma, as bait to ensnare Adil. Adil falls into their trap and is killed. Adil is a victim of his own carelessness, ego, lust, stupidity and trusting nature. Cairo Is a Small City uses an omniscient narrator. This essay uses these two short stories to compare the similarities on how trust is betrayed. The essay takes the position that the two victims, Gregory and Adil, deserve to die, because of the fault of gullible trust in their personal characters. Adil trusted in the shopkeeper's strategy of befriending the woman because he saw that it worked. Gorgy and the omniscient narrator want to blame the shopkeeper for showing Adil the flirtatious method of bartering for the woman's affections. The narration says; '...had it not been for that day, Adil's mind would not have given birth to the plan he was determined, whatever the cost, to put through, because of that woman who had bewitched his heart.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). Adil does not question the consequences if the trust goes wrong. He is gullible and the fault is his alone. Adil trusted in his own bravery. The evidence that supports this argument is in the narration; ''As every man, according to Adil's philosophy of life, had within him a devil, it was sometimes better to follow this devil in order to placate him and avoid his tyranny.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). When Salma's father asks Adil many questions, alarm bells started ringing in his head but Adil chooses to ign ore the feeling that something might be wrong. Instead, Adil sweeps the feeling of misgiving away. The narrator says; 'Though Adil noticed in the father's tone something more than curiosity, he attributed this to the nature of the bedouin and their traditions.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil makes the mistake of taking the interrogation lightly. He places complete trust in Salma and her father who have invited him to their home. It is his mistake. Adil only realizes too late that his trust is misplaced; 'In the same way as Adil had previously built the seven storey building that represented the seven months, each month containing twenty-eight days, till he would see Salma's face whenever it was full moon, he likewise sensed that this was the tribunal which had been set up to make an enquiry with him into the killing of the man whom he had one day come across on the tracks between the oases of Kharga and Farshout.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil was too trusting to walk into the lion's lair of the bedouins and he was served his punishment. In the story of Gregory, the narrator and

Union Membership Trend Essay Example for Free

Union Membership Trend Essay On January 27 of this year the annual labor report was released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. On this very same day the USA Today along with several other media vultures jumped on this information as if they knew what was already going to be on it. The article titled â€Å"Union membership up slightly, outlook in doubt† written by Sam Hananel, summarized the numbers in detail and left no doubt that the current union membership trend will continue in its downward slide. The fact is union membership has been in decline since 1980, and back then the percentage of covered salaried or wage workers was only about 20%. Today the percentage of unionized workers stands at 11.8% down 0.1% from the previous year. The funny thing about these numbers is the political spin everyone has put on them, to include Mr. Hananel; which makes me wonder if I’ve missed some fine print. Upon further review of the article at hand I still remain convince that a negative union membership trend will continue along with the current government practice of downplaying the numbers. Even though the author tried to put a positive on the numbers that fortunate don’t lie. The current percentages of unionized workers mirrors those on record from the time of the â€Å"Great Depression.† The current recession, that yes, we’re still in, doesn’t bode well for any significant positive upswing in union membership. The government will continue to introduce and press on rhetoric that will equate the union membership decline to republican legislative action as this reporter took the liberty of, in mentioning Wisconsin, while dismissing the actions of a democratic legislature in California that succeeded in reducing union benefits. The numbers provided also shed more light on government efforts, which have been dismal at best at all levels. Now labor organizers are focusing some of their efforts on government workers; in an attempt to lure them in as members, but the reality of this trend is that those numbers are severely limited at a time when government workers have not received a raise in two years and are still waiting to see  if they’ll receive one come January 1st while a world-wide hiring freeze was also implemented in January of this year and thus lifted with limitations on certain agencies in July. I don’t believe union membership will ever attain a level in membership numbers that will come close in comparison to the apex reached in the 1930’s when a 1/3 of the salaried workforce was represented. Government Legislation over the years has provided adequate protection for today’s workforce. As the swell in interest on Human Resources activities has created a better management tool for businesses to not only protect themselves but their employees also. I still believe more can be done to protect all workers regardless of union or non-union affiliation. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/workplace/story/2012-01-27/union-membership-growing/52817346/1

Paneles Solares

Paneles Solares RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El uso de las energà ­as renovables ha venido a disminuir, el uso de los combustibles fà ³siles como fuente de obtencià ³n de energà ­a. El suministro de energà ­a a partir de fuentes diversificadas y seguras, de forma econà ³micamente admisible y ambientalmente compatible, resulta esencial para la implementacià ³n de la prà ¡ctica del desarrollo sostenible de un paà ­s. En ese sentido, este proyecto contribuye con el requerimiento de un cuidadoso equilibrio entre los aspectos sociales, econà ³micos y ambientales. Su implementacià ³n contribuye a la reduccià ³n del impacto econà ³mico que ocasionan los combustibles importados en la economà ­a nacional, asà ­ como la reduccià ³n de   emisiones de CO2 que contribuye a los gases de efecto invernadero, como consecuencia el cambio climà ¡tico y los SO2 y los NOX que originan la lluvia acida. El incremento de concentraciones atmosfà ©rica de CO2   como consecuencia del empleo de combustibles fà ³siles, tiene una contribucià ³n en el incremento del efecto invernadero natural existente en el mundo. Por ello, se hace necesaria y urgente la reduccià ³n de las emisiones de este gas, presente de forma natural en la atmà ³sfera. El desesarrollo del proyecto pretende potenciar el uso de la energà ­a solar, utilizando paneles solares de tubos de vacio como fuente de energà ­a renovable como una forma de sustituir los combustibles fà ³siles utilizados en calderas por energà ­a mà ¡s limpia y segura para el medio ambiente. Tomando en consideracià ³n el, las reducciones de las emisiones Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio estipulado en el protocolo de Kyoto sobre las y la sustitucià ³n de combustible importado, el proyecto se enmarca dentro de objetivos de las leyes de Incentivos a las Elegà ­as Renovables y la de Competitividad y Innovacià ³n Industrial, dentro de una estrategia de contribuir a la sostenibilidad y la competitividad del aparato productivo nacional. En ese sentido, la Escuela de la Ingenierà ­a Quà ­mica de la UASD, cuya esencia es la aplicacià ³n   de   Ingenierà ­a de Procesos para la identificacià ³n de mejoras que contribuyan a la innovacià ³n y competitividad, cumple con su obje tivo de aportar a sector productivo nacional. I. INTRODUCCIà ³N Este proyecto inicia como una alternativa para el uso de la energà ­a solar y el potencial   para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, por el uso de combustible fà ³sil en calderas para evaporar agua y ser utilizada posteriormente en el proceso de produccion Halka Industrial. Para realizar el proyecto se tomà ³ como opcià ³n la disponibilidad de la energà ­a solar en el paà ­s. Para su la realizacià ³n se enfocà ³ la atencià ³n sobre la investigacià ³n en las tecnologà ­as existentes para convertir la energà ­a solar en energà ­a tà ©rmica. Se llegà ³ a la conclusià ³n que la mejor opcià ³n debido a la mayor eficiencia que presentan la constituà ­an los llamados paneles solares de tubo de vacà ­o, por los que estos fueron la tecnologà ­a seleccionada para la ejecucià ³n del proyecto. 1.1-OBJETIVOS Ø Objetivo general Reducir los costos de operacià ³n de Halka Industrial y promover el uso de la energà ­a solar en los procesos industriales para la sustitucià ³n de combustibles fà ³siles importados que impactan la economà ­a nacional y contribuir a la reduccià ³n de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Objetivos Especà ­ficos Presentar el presente proyecto para la obtencià ³n del titulo de Ingeniero Quà ­mico Introducir la transferencia de tecnologà ­a en la para el aprovechamiento de la radiacià ³n solar a travà ©s de paneles les solares   de tubos de vacà ­o para el calentamiento de agua usada en el proceso Halkada Industrial Oporurtunidad para aplicar a los incentivos previstos en las leyes de Incentivos a las Energias Renovables y de la Innovacià ³n y Competitividad Industrial Aplicacià ³n del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kyto para aplicar a los bonos de carbono por la reduccià ³n de emisiones de combustibles fà ³siles. 1.2-JUSTIFICACIà ³N La energà ­a solar es sin duda la fuente de toda la vida en el planeta tierra es la responsable de todos los ciclos de la naturaleza, la responsable del clima, del movimiento del viento, del agua y del crecimiento de las plantas Y la mà ¡s econà ³mica. Las energà ­as renovables son una realidad que precisa de una constante demanda de profesionales cualificados debido al auge en la utilizacià ³n de tecnologà ­as limpias. La energà ­a solar es la energà ­a producida por el sol y que es convertida a energà ­a à ºtil por el ser humano, ya sea para calentar algo o producir electricidad (como sus principales aplicaciones). El aprovechamiento de esta energà ­a, para calentamiento de agua, con un sistema de paneles solares de tubos de vacà ­o puede reducir las emisiones de gases contaminantes grandemente. 1.3-APORTACIà ³N Reduccià ³n de los costos de operacià ³n de Halka Industrial Contribucià ³n a la reduccià ³n de gases de efecto invernadero Reduccià ³n del uso de combustible fà ³sil importado. Innovacià ³n en el uso de energà ­a de energà ­a limpia procedentes de recursos locales Econà ³micamente rentables. Incremento en la eficiencia del proceso de produccià ³n de Halka Industrial. 1.4-ANTECEDENTES Las energà ­as renovables han constituido una parte importante de la energà ­a utilizada por los humanos desde tiempos remotos, especialmente la solar, la eà ³lica y la hidrà ¡ulica. La agua y las disposiciones constructivas de los edificios para aprovechar la del sol, son buenos ejemplos de ello. Con el invento de la motores tà ©rmicos y elà ©ctricos, en una à ©poca en que el todavà ­a relativamente escaso consumo, no hacà ­a prever un agotamiento de las fuentes, ni otros problemas ambientales que mà ¡s tarde se presentaron. Hacia la dà ©cada de energà ­as limpias, y por esta razà ³n fueron llamadas energà ­as alternativas. Actualmente muchas de estas energà ­as son una realidad, no una alternativa, por lo que el nombre de alternativas ya no debe emplearse. Segà ºn la Comisià ³n Nacional de Energà ­a espaà ±ola, la venta anual de energà ­a del Rà ©gimen Especial se ha multiplicado por mà ¡s de 10% en Espaà ±a, a la vez que sus precios se han rebajado un 11%. En Espaà ±a las energà ­as renovables supusieron en el aà ±o 2005 un 5,9% del total de energà ­a primaria, un 1,2% es eà ³lica, un 1,1% hidroelà ©ctrica, un 2,9 biomasa y el 0,7% otras. La energà ­a eà ³lica es la que mà ¡s crece. II. MARCO TEà ³RICO 2.1-FUNDAMENTO DE LA ENERGà ­A SOLAR Existen dos formas principales de utilizar la energà ­a solar, una como fuente de calor para sistemas solares tà ©rmicos. La otra como fuente de electricidad para sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. En este proyecto vamos a trabajar con la energà ­a solar tà ©rmica como una fuente de calor. La energà ­a solar tà ©rmica se debe a la transformacià ³n de la energà ­a radiante solar en calor o energà ­a tà ©rmica. La energà ­a solar tà ©rmica se encarga de calentar el agua en forma   directa alcanzando temperatura que oscila entre los 40   y 50 gracias a la utilizacià ³n de paneles solares. El agua se calienta, la cual es almacenada para su posterior consumo: calentamiento de agua de usos industriales, calentamiento de agua de proceso, calefaccià ³n de espacios, calentamiento de piscinas, secaderos, refrigeracià ³n etc. La energà ­a solar tà ©rmica utiliza la energà ­a que recibimos del sol para calentar un fluido. 2.2-MECANISMO DE DESARROLLO LIMPIO(MDL) El objetivo del MDL es que las naciones industrializadas inviertan en proyectos para disminuir las emisiones en los paà ­ses en desarrollo a fin de compensar las que no lograron reducir en su propio territorio. Este mecanismo permite proyectos de reduccià ³n de emisiones entres paà ­ses industrializado y paà ­ses en desarrollo. Por medio de este mecanismo una entidad o gobierno de un paà ­s industrializado invierte en un proyecto de reduccià ³n de emisiones en un paà ­s de desarrollo. A cambio el paà ­s industrializado recibe Certificados de Reduccià ³n de Emisià ³n (CER). 2.3-BENEFICIO DE PARTICIPAR EN UN PROYECTO MDL Entre los beneficios que se le otorgan por participar en un proyecto MDL està ¡n: El MDL puede proporcionar ingresos adicionales en forma De CER al proyecto, el cual puede ser econà ³micamente viable con el uso. El MDL contribuirà ¡ al uso de energà ­as renovables en lugar del uso de las energà ­as no renovables, lo cual contribuye a la seguridad energà ©tica de un paà ­s El uso de algunas de las tecnologà ­as de reduccià ³n de emisià ³n podrà ¡ incrementar la productividad mediante el logro de ahorro de energà ­a y materias primas. Aplicacià ³n de tecnologà ­as de reduccià ³n de emisià ³n de GHGs mediante el MDL puede ser tambià ©n una medida de solucià ³n de varios asuntos de contaminacià ³n ambiental. 2.4-BONOS DE CARBONO Los bonos de carbono son un mecanismo internacional de descontaminacià ³n para reducir las emisiones contaminantes al medio ambiente; es uno de los tres mecanismos propuestos en el Protocolo de Kioto para la reduccià ³n de emisiones causantes del calentamiento global o efecto invernadero (GEI o gases de efecto invernadero). El sistema ofrece incentivos econà ³micos para que empresas privadas contribuyan a la mejora de la calidad ambiental y se consiga regular la emisià ³n generada por sus procesos productivos, considerando el derecho a emitir CO2 como un bien canjeable y con un precio establecido en el mercado. La transaccià ³n de los bonos de carbono —un bono de carbono representa el derecho a emitir una tonelada de dià ³xido de carbono— permite mitigar la generacià ³n de gases invernadero, beneficiando a las empresas que no emiten o disminuyen la emisià ³n y haciendo pagar a las que emiten mà ¡s de lo permitido. Las reducciones de emisiones de GEI se miden en toneladas de CO2 equivalente, y se traducen en Certificados de Emisiones Reducidas (CER). Un CER equivale a una tonelada de CO2 que se deja de emitir a la atmà ³sfera, y puede ser vendido en el mercado de carbono a paà ­ses Anexo I (industrializados, de acuerdo a la nomenclatura del protocolo de Kyoto). Los tipos de proyecto que pueden aplicar a una certificacià ³n son, por ejemplo, generacià ³n de energà ­a renovable, mejoramiento de eficiencia energà ©tica de procesos, forestacià ³n, limpieza de lagos y rà ­os, etc. En un esfuerzo por reducir las emisiones que provocan el Protocolo de Kyoto. Para cumplir se està ¡n financiando proyectos de captura o abatimiento de estos gases en paà ­ses en và ­as de desarrollo, acreditando tales disminuciones y considerà ¡ndolas como si hubiesen sido hechas en su territorio. Sin embargo, los crà ­ticos del sistema de venta de bonos o permisos de emisià ³n, argumentan que la implementacià ³n de estos mecanismos tendientes a reducir las emisiones de CO2 no tendrà ¡ el efecto deseado de reducir la concentracià ³n de CO2 en la atmà ³sfera, como tampoco de reducir o retardar la subida de la temperatura. Segà ºn el estudio de Wigley, 2050, o reducirà ¡ la temperatura predicha para ese aà ±o en 0,06 ºC, o sino retrasarà ¡ la fecha en que deberà ­a cumplirse el aumento dicho en 16 aà ±os. 2.5-IMPACTO AMBIENTAL Se entiende como el efecto que produce una determinada accià ³n humana sobre el medio ambiente en sus distintos aspectos. El concepto puede extenderse, con poca utilidad, a los efectos de un fenà ³meno natural catastrà ³fico. Tà ©cnicamente, es la alteracià ³n de la accià ³n antrà ³pica o a eventos naturales. Las acciones humanas, motivadas por la consecucià ³n de diversos fines, provocan efectos colaterales sobre el medio natural o social. Mientras los efectos perseguidos suelen ser positivos, al menos para quienes promueven la actuacià ³n, los efectos secundarios pueden ser positivos y, mà ¡s a menudo, negativos. La Declaracià ³n de Impacto ambiental (DIA) es la comunicacià ³n previa, que las leyes ambientales exigen bajo ciertos supuestos, de las consecuencias ambientales predichas por la evaluacià ³n. 2.6-PROTOCOLO DE KIOTO El Protocolo de Kioto sobre el cambio climà ¡tico[] es un acuerdo internacional que tiene por objetivo reducir las emisiones de seis gases provocadores del azufre (SF6), en un porcentaje aproximado de un 5%, dentro del periodo que va desde el aà ±o 2008 al 2012, en comparacià ³n a las emisiones al aà ±o 1990. Por ejemplo, si la contaminacià ³n de estos gases en el aà ±o 1990 alcanzaba el 100%, al tà ©rmino del aà ±o 2012 deberà ¡ ser del 95%. Es preciso seà ±alar que esto no significa que cada paà ­s deba reducir sus emisiones de gases regulados en un 5%, sino que este es un porcentaje a nivel global y, por el contrario, cada paà ­s obligado por Kioto tiene sus propios porcentajes de emisià ³n que debe disminuir. El protocolo de Kioto sobre el cambio climà ¡tico es un acuerdo internacional por objetivo reducir   las emisiones de seis gases provocadores del calentamiento global: Dià ³xido de carbono (CO2), gas metano (CH4) y oxido nitroso (N20), ademà ¡s de tres gases fluorados: Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), Per III. FUENTES DE ENERGà ­A 3.1-ENERGà ­A ALTERNA 3.1.1-CONCEPTO APLICADOS A LAS FUENTES DE ENERGà ­A Una energà ­as o fuentes energà ©ticas actuales, ya sea por su menor efecto contaminante, o fundamentalmente por su posibilidad de renovacià ³n. El consumo de energà ­a es uno de los grandes medidores del progreso y bienestar de una sociedad. El concepto de crisis energà ©tica aparece cuando las fuentes de energà ­a de las que se abastece la sociedad se agotan. Un modelo econà ³mico como el actual, cuyo funcionamiento depende de un continuo crecimiento, exige tambià ©n una demanda igualmente creciente de energà ­a. Puesto que las fuentes de energà ­a fà ³sil y nuclear son finitas, es inevitable que en un determinado momento la demanda no pueda ser abastecida y todo el sistema colapse, salvo que se descubran y desarrollen otros nuevos mà ©todos para obtener energà ­a: à ©stas serà ­an las energà ­as alternativas. En conjunto con lo anterior se tiene tambià ©n que el abuso de las energà ­as convencionales actuales hoy dà ­a tales como el capa de ozono. La discusià ³n energà ­a alternativa/convencional no es una mera clasificacià ³n de las fuentes de energà ­a, sino que representa un cambio que necesariamente tendrà ¡ que producirse durante este siglo. Es importante reseà ±ar que las energà ­as alternativas, aun siendo renovables, tambià ©n son finitas, y como cualquier otro recurso natural tendrà ¡n un là ­mite mà ¡ximo de explotacià ³n. Por tanto, incluso aunque podamos realizar la transicià ³n a estas nuevas energà ­as de forma suave y gradual, tampoco van a permitir continuar con el modelo econà ³mico actual basado en el crecimiento perpetuo. Es por ello por lo que surge el concepto del Desarrollo sostenible. 3.1.2 DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE El desarrollo sostenible se basa en las siguientes premisas: El uso de fuentes de energà ­a renovable, ya que las fuentes siglo XXI. El uso de fuentes limpias, abandonando los procesos de fisià ³n nuclear. La explotacià ³n extensiva de las fuentes de energà ­a, proponià ©ndose como alternativa el fomento del autoconsumo, que evite en la medida de lo posible la construccià ³n de grandes infraestructuras de generacià ³n y distribucià ³n de energà ­a elà ©ctrica. La disminucià ³n de la demanda energà ©tica, mediante la mejora del rendimiento de los dispositivos elà ©ctricos (là ¡mparas, etc.) Reducir o eliminar el consumo energà ©tico innecesario. No se trata sà ³lo de consumir mà ¡s eficientemente, sino de consumir menos, es decir, desarrollar una conciencia y una cultura del ahorro energà ©tico y condena del despilfarro. La produccià ³n de energà ­as limpias, alternativas y renovables no es por tanto una cultura o un intento de mejorar el medio ambiente, sino una necesidad a la que el ser humano se va a ver abocado, independientemente de nuestra opinià ³n, gustos o creencias. 3.1.3-CLASIFICACIà ³N Las fuentes renovables de energà ­a pueden dividirse en dos categorà ­as: contaminantes. No contaminantes : El Sol: energà ­a solar. El viento: energà ­a eà ³lica. Los rà ­os y corrientes de agua dulce: energà ­a hidrà ¡ulica. Los mares y ocà ©anos: energà ­a mareomotriz. El calor de la Tierra: energà ­a geotà ©rmica. Las olas: energà ­a mareomotriz. La llegada de masas de agua dulce a masas de agua salada : energà ­a azul. Las contaminantes : Se obtienen a partir de la materia orgà ¡nica o transesterificacià ³n y de los residuos urbanos. Las energà ­as de fuentes renovables contaminantes tienen el mismo problema que la energà ­a producida por combustibles fà ³siles: en la combustià ³n emiten fotosà ­ntesis. En realidad no es equivalente la cantidad absorbida previamente con la emitida en la combustià ³n, porque en los procesos de siembra, recoleccià ³n, tratamiento y transformacià ³n, tambià ©n se consume energà ­a, con sus correspondientes emisiones. Ademà ¡s, se puede atrapar gran parte de las emisiones de CO2 para alimentar cultivos de microcarbà ³n activado. Tambià ©n se puede obtener energà ­a a partir de los gas natural y de dià ³xido de carbono. 3.2- DIVISIà ³N DE LAS FUENTES DE ENERGà ­A Las fuentes de energà ­a se pueden dividir en dos grandes subgrupos: permanentes (renovables) y temporales (no renovables). 3.2.1-NO RENOVABLES Los combustibles fà ³siles son recursos no renovables: no podemos reponer lo que gastamos. En algà ºn momento, se acabarà ¡n, y tal vez sea necesario disponer de millones de aà ±os de evolucià ³n similar para contar nuevamente con ellos. Son aquellas cuyas reservas son limitadas y se agotan con el uso. Las principales son la carbà ³n). 3.2.2-ENERGà ­A Fà ³SIL Los plancton marino acumuladas en el fondo del mar. En ambos casos la materia orgà ¡nica se descompuso parcialmente por falta de oxà ­geno y accià ³n de la temperatura, la presià ³n y determinadas bacterias de forma que quedaron almacenadas molà ©culas con enlaces de alta energà ­a. La energà ­a mà ¡s utilizada en el mundo es la energà ­a fà ³sil. Si se considera todo lo que està ¡ en juego, es de suma importancia medir con exactitud las reservas de combustibles fà ³siles del planeta. Se distinguen las reservas identificadas aunque no està ©n explotadas, y las reservas probables, que se podrà ­an descubrir con las tecnologà ­as futuras. Segà ºn los cà ¡lculos, el planeta puede suministrar energà ­a durante 40 aà ±os mà ¡s (si sà ³lo se utiliza el petrà ³leo) y mà ¡s de 200 (si se sigue utilizando el carbà ³n). Hay alternativas actualmente en estudio: la energà ­a fusià ³n nuclear. 3.2.3-ENERGà ­A NUCLEAR El nà ºcleo atà ³mico de elementos pesados como el reactor nuclear. Una consecuencia de la actividad de produccià ³n de este tipo de energà ­a, son los radiactividad. 3.2.2-RENOVABLES O VERDES El sol, origen de las energà ­as renovables. Actualmente, està ¡n cobrando mayor importancia a causa del agravamiento del balanza comercial que esa adquisicià ³n representa. 3.2.2.1-POLà ©MICAS Existe cierta polà ©mica sobre la inclusià ³n de la energà ­a hidrà ¡ulica (a gran escala) como energà ­as verdes, por los impactos medioambientales negativos que producen, aunque se trate de energà ­as renovables. El estatus de desechos nucleares cuya eliminacià ³n no està ¡ aà ºn resuelta. Segà ºn la definicià ³n actual de desecho no se trata de una energà ­a limpia. 3.2.2.2-ENERGà ­A HIDRà ¡ULICA La energà ­a potencial acumulada en los saltos de agua puede ser transformada en energà ­a elà ©ctrica. Las centrales hidroelà ©ctricas aprovechan la energà ­a de los rà ­os para poner en funcionamiento unas turbinas que mueven un generador elà ©ctrico. 3.2.2.3-BIOMASA La formacià ³n de biomasa a partir de la energà ­a solar se lleva a cabo por el proceso denominado fotosà ­ntesis vegetal que a su vez es desencadenante de la cadena biolà ³gica. Mediante la fotosà ­ntesis las plantas que contienen clorofila, transforman el dià ³xido de carbono y el agua de productos minerales sin valor energà ©tico, en materiales orgà ¡nicos con alto contenido energà ©tico y a su vez sirven de alimento a otros seres vivos. La biomasa mediante estos procesos almacena a corto plazo la energà ­a solar en forma de carbono. La energà ­a almacenada en el proceso fotosintà ©tico puede ser posteriormente transformada en energà ­a tà ©rmica, elà ©ctrica o carburantes de origen vegetal, liberando de nuevo el dià ³xido de carbono almacenado. 3.2.2.4-ENERGà ­A SOLAR Figura 3. Concentradores Solares Estos temperatura en el receptor. Figura 4. Paneles solares Los energà ­a elà ©ctrica. La energà ­a solar es una fuente de vida y origen de la mayorà ­a de las demà ¡s formas de energà ­a en la Tierra. Cada aà ±o la radiacià ³n solar aporta a la Tierra la energà ­a equivalente a varios miles de veces la cantidad de energà ­a que consume la humanidad. Recogiendo de forma adecuada la paneles solares. Mediante centrales tà ©rmicas solares se utiliza la energà ­a tà ©rmica de los colectores solares para generar electricidad. Se distinguen dos componentes en la radiacià ³n solar: la radiacià ³n directa y la radiacià ³n difusa. La radiacià ³n directa es la que llega directamente del foco solar, sin refracciones intermedias. La difusa es la emitida por la bà ³veda celeste diurna gracias a los mà ºltiples fenà ³menos de reflexià ³n y refraccià ³n solar en la atmà ³sfera, en las nubes, y el resto de elementos atmosfà ©ricos y terrestres. La radiacià ³n directa puede reflejarse y concentrarse para su utilizacià ³n, mientras que no es posible concentrar la luz difusa que proviene de todas direcciones. Sin embargo, tanto la radiacià ³n directa como la radiacià ³n difusa son aprovechables. Se puede diferenciar entre receptores activos y pasivos en que los primeros utilizan mecanismos para orientar el sistema receptor hacia el Sol -llamados seguidores- y captar mejor la radiacià ³n directa. Una importante ventaja de la energà ­a solar es que permite la generacià ³n de energà ­a en el mismo lugar de consumo mediante la integracià ³n arquitectà ³nica. Asà ­, podemos dar lugar a sistemas de generacià ³n distribuida en los que se eliminen casi por completo las pà ©rdidas relacionadas con el transporte -que en la actualidad suponen aproximadamente el 40% del total- y la dependencia energà ©tica. Las diferentes tecnologà ­as fotovoltaicas se adaptan para sacar el mà ¡ximo rendimiento posible de la energà ­a que recibimos del sol. De esta forma por ejemplo los sistemas de concentracià ³n solar fotovoltaica (CPV por sus siglas en inglà ©s) utiliza la radiacià ³n directa con receptores activos para maximizar la produccià ³n de energà ­a y conseguir asà ­ un coste menor por kW/h producido. Esta tecnologà ­a resulta muy eficiente para lugares de alta radiacià ³n solar, pero actualmente no puede competir en precio en localizaciones de baja radiacià ³n solar como Centro Europa, donde tecnologà ­as como la Capa Fina (Thin Film) està ¡n consiguiendo reducir tambià ©n el precio de la tecnologà ­a fotovoltaica tradicional. 3.2.2.5-ENERGà ­A Eà ³LICA La energà ­a eà ³lica es la energà ­a obtenida de la fuerza del viento, es decir, mediante la utilizacià ³n de la energà ­a cinà ©tica generada por las corrientes de aire. El tà ©rmino eà ³lico viene del latà ­n Aeolicus (griego antiguo / Aiolos), perteneciente o relativo a à ©olo, dios de los vientos en la mitologà ­a griega y, por tanto, perteneciente o relativo al viento. La energà ­a eà ³lica ha sido aprovechada desde la antigà ¼edad para mover los barcos impulsados por velas o hacer funcionar la maquinaria de molinos al mover sus aspas. Es un tipo de energà ­a verde. La energà ­a del viento està ¡ relacionada con el movimiento de las masas de aire que desplazan de à ¡reas de alta presià ³n atmosfà ©rica hacia à ¡reas adyacentes de baja presià ³n, con velocidades proporcionales (gradiente de presià ³n). Por lo que puede decirse que la energà ­a eà ³lica es una forma no-directa de energà ­a solar, las diferentes temperaturas y presiones en la atmà ³sfera, provocadas por la absorcià ³n de la radiacià ³n solar, son las que ponen al viento en movimiento. El aerogenerador es un generador de corriente elà ©ctrica a partir de la energà ­a cinà ©tica del viento, es una energà ­a limpia y tambià ©n la menos costosa de producir, lo que explica el fuerte entusiasmo por esta tecnologà ­a. 3.2.2.6-ENERGà ­A GEOTà ©RMICA La energà ­a geotà ©rmica es aquella energà ­a que puede ser obtenida por el hombre mediante el aprovechamiento del calor del interior de la Tierra. Parte del calor interno de la Tierra (5.000 ºC) llega a la corteza terrestre. En algunas zonas del planeta, cerca de la superficie, las aguas subterrà ¡neas pueden alcanzar temperaturas de ebullicià ³n, y, por tanto, servir para accionar turbinas elà ©ctricas o para calentar. El calor del interior de la Tierra se debe a varios factores, entre los que destacan el gradiente geotà ©rmico y el calor radiogà ©nico. Geotà ©rmico viene del griego geo, Tierra; y de thermos, calor; literalmente calor de la Tierra. 3.2.2.7-ENERGà ­A MAREOMOTRIZ Figura 5. Central elà ©ctrica mareomotriz en el estuario del Francia . La energà ­a mareomotriz se debe a las energà ­a elà ©ctrica, una forma energà ©tica mà ¡s à ºtil y aprovechable. La energà ­a mareomotriz tiene la cualidad de ser renovable en tanto que la fuente de impacto ambiental de instalar los dispositivos para su proceso han impedido una proliferacià ³n notable de este tipo de energà ­a. Otras formas de extraer energà ­a del mar son la gradiente tà ©rmico oceà ¡nico, que marca una diferencia de temperaturas entre la superficie y las aguas profundas del ocà ©ano. IV- APLICACIONES DE LA ENERGà ­A SOLAR 4.1 TECNOLOGà ­A Y USOS Clasificacià ³n por tecnologà ­as y su correspondiente uso mà ¡s general: Energà ­a solar pasiva : Aprovecha el calor del sol sin necesidad de mecanismos o sistemas mecà ¡nicos. Energà ­a solar tà ©rmica : Para producir agua caliente . Energà ­a solar fotovoltaica : Para producir electricidad mediante placas de semiconductores que se alteran con la radiacià ³n solar. Energà ­a solar termoelà ©ctrica : Para producir electricidad con un ciclo termodinà ¡mico convencional a partir de un fluido calentado a alta temperatura (aceite tà ©rmico) Energà ­a solar hà ­brida : Combina la energà ­a solar con otra energà ­a. Segà ºn la energà ­a con la que se combine es una hibridacià ³n: [3] Fà ³sil . Energà ­a eà ³lico solar : Funciona con el aire calentado por el sol, que sube por una chimenea donde està ¡n los generadores. La instalacià ³n de centrales de energà ­a solar en la zonas marcadas en el mapa podrà ­a proveer algo mà ¡s que la energà ­a actualmente consumida en el mundo (asumiendo una eficiencia de conversià ³n energà ©tica del 8%), incluyendo la proveniente de 1993 (tres aà ±os, calculada sobre la base de 24 horas por dà ­a y considerando la nubosidad observada mediante satà ©lites). Otros usos de la energà ­a solar y ejemplos mà ¡s prà ¡cticos de sus aplicaciones: Huerta solar Potabilizacià ³n de agua Cocina solar Destilacià ³n. Evaporacià ³n. Fotosà ­ntesis. Secado. Arquitectura sostenible. Cubierta Solar. Acondicionamiento y ahorro de energà ­a en edificaciones. Calentamiento de agua. Calefaccià ³n domà ©stica. Iluminacià ³n. Refrigeracià ³n. Aire acondicionado. Energà ­a para pequeà ±os electrodomà ©sticos. 4 .2- ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA Figura 8. Celda solar Se denomina energà ­a solar fotovoltaica a una forma de obtencià ³n de energà ­a elà ©ctrica a travà ©s de paneles fotovoltaicos. Los paneles, mà ³dulos o colectores fotovoltaicos està ¡n formados por diferencia de potencial en sus extremos. El acoplamiento en serie de varios de estos fotodiodos permite la obtencià ³n de voltajes mayores en configuraciones muy sencillas y aptas para alimentar pequeà ±os dispositivos electrà ³nicos. A mayor escala, la red elà ©ctrica, operacià ³n sujeta a subvenciones para una mayor viabilidad. El proceso, simplificado, serà ­a el siguiente: Se genera la energà ­a a bajas tensiones (380-800 V) y en corriente continua. Se transforma con un inversor en corriente alterna. Mediante un centro de transformacià ³n se eleva a Media tensià ³n (15 à ³ 25 kV) y se inyecta en las redes de transporte de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. En entornos aislados, donde se requiere poca econà ³micamente viable. Para comprender la importancia de esta posibilidad, conviene tener en cuenta que aproximadamente una cuarta parte de la poblacià ³n mundial no tiene acceso a la energà ­a elà ©ctrica. 4 .3- CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIà ³N SOBRE LA ENERGà ­A SOLAR Alemania. Universidad Polità ©cnica de Madrid CIEMAT) Alemania. Estados Unidos.Petes.com V. DESCRIPCIà ³N   Y DISEà ±O   DEL PROYECTO V . DESCRIPCIà ³N   Y DISEà ±O DEL PROYECTO La empresa Halka Industrial se dedica a la produccià ³n de cosmà ©ticos como son tratamientos, desodorantes, acondicionadores, entre otros. En algunos de estos procesos se adiciona agua a 25oC como materia prima base y esta se eleva   a una temperatura de 80oC, ya que es a la cual todas las materias primas son fundidas y pueden ser mezcladas. Para mejorar la eficiencia energà ©tica del proceso, se propuso calentar el agua destinada para el producto antes de ser adicionada, y asà ­ disminuir el tiempo de produccià ³n. En esta etapa se realizaron varios escenarios de temperatura y equipos, donde surgieron los tiempos estimados de produccià ³n resultantes de adicionar el agua mà ¡s caliente. Tabla 1. Resultados de   diferentes escenarios   Caldera de 10 HP Escenario 1 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 25 a 80 oC 137500 84000 1:58 min 7 1500 25 a 80 oC 82500 1:08 min Juntos 3:16 min Escenario 2 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 30 a 80 oC 125000 84000 1:49 min 7 1500

Mayan Indians :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Mayan Indians The Maya Indians are Indians that Lived in parts of present time Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Maya Indians had a complex hieroglyphic alphabet and a complicated calendar system. Only the high priests and kings knew how to read it and write and read the complex alphabet. The Maya Indians did not live in teepees like you may think they lived in houses sort of like ours but no nails or installation to keep it warm. The Maya Indians where great builders they made large buildings made out of stone some stones weighed more than 2 tons that is over 4,000 pound. When a child was born in the Maya civilization it was a sign of good luck. After it was born the priest was called and the baby was given a sacred name and then the priest predicts the future. In marriages the woman was allowed to marry when she was 14-15 years old. The boy in the relationship had to be at least 18 years old like our country in marriages. The Maya men and woman where very short compared to us. The average woman was 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ quite short for our women who reached an average of 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. The men where also short but not too short. They reached5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ only 2 inches shy of our men who reach an average of 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬(tm) 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. The Mayan disappeared close to the year 900 A.D. By 1450 most of the major cities where abandoned. Nobody knows for sure but there are theories that the men would go to war and the family would hide in a near by countryside and take cover. The tribe made their culture so advanced and just abandoned it for war. So why would a culture ruin their life style to fight but that is just a theory we may never know. The stylish thing to do in the Mayan civilization was having tattoos and wearing tons of jewelry was considered hip. Also they thought that filling your teeth to a sharp point and having your eyes crossed was attractive. Priests had three main types of calendars. The first was a civil calendar this was based on the solar cycle of the sun. The year lasted 365 days there was no leap year though so they where a day off every 7 years. The long court had a special system that kept track of long spans of time such as decades and centuries.

Essay on the Dark Side of the Mind Exposed in Cask of Amontillado

The Dark Side of the Mind Exposed in Cask of Amontillado "A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong." With that statement, Montresor begins his tale of revenge deciding that the act must be slow and sweet and that in order to fully enjoy it, his adversary must be aware of his intentions. Hidden within those same few lines, lies not only this horrid plan, but also the true interest of its' true author. In his Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allen Poe reveals his supreme interest in the dark side of the human mind and heart. Much of what a story means, much of its effect on the reader depends on the eyes through which it is seen and on the voice that tells it to us. In Cask of Amontillado, those eyes and voice belong to Montresor. The story is written in second-person perspective. In relaying the events of the day, Montresor refers to the reader as 'you' several times. This does not only act to pull the reader into the story, but it also provides a valuable insight into the mind of the author. By referring to the reader as 'you' a connection is established between Montresor and the reader. This connection suggests that the reader can sympathize with the actions of Montresor by relating them to some event in the readers' past or imagination. Poe suggests that we, as a body of readers, all want to commit acts such as that committed by Montresor and therefore can understand him and his dark actions. To fully understand the dark side of the human mind and heart, the mind of Montresor has to be examined. The question as to what fiendishly evil act Fortunato committed that was so seve... ...each step, Montresor pulls Fortunato in a little further by provoking him with threats of getting his archenemy Luchresi to test the wine. Without breaking from his calm shell, Montresor is able to lead Fortunato to his doom never once faltering or stumbling. In his Cask of Amontillado, Poe dives into a study of the darkness of the human mind and heart. He looks at the worst crime possibly committed by one human to another and ponders over the mind of the criminal. Montresor, calm, cool, and collected, is able to fulfill a plan that he had made long before. Fifty years later, he conveys the story to the world so that the dark side of all people may be matched against that of him. A man that truly lives by the motto of his family, "nemo me impune lacessit" [no one provokes me with impunity], Montresor becomes a study for Poe and a mirror to all mankind.

Self-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper

Self-destructive Self-expression in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Yellow Wallpaper", a story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the conflict centers around the protagonist's inability to maintain her sanity in a society that does not recognize her as an individual. Her husband and brother both exert their own will over hers, forcing her to conform to their pre-set impression an appropriate code of behavior for a sick woman. She has been given a "schedule prescription for each hour in the day; [John] takes all care from me" (155). This code of behavior involves virtually no exertion of her own free-will. Rather, she is expected to passively accept the fact that her own ideas are mere fancy, and only the opinions of the men in her life can be trusted. She is expected to take their own uninformed opinions on her mental state over her own. While "Wallpaper" presents a powerful argument in favor of the feminist movement, the true issue behind the conflict is even more fundamental: the resiliency of human will in the face of social neg ation.    Obviously, it is impossible to maintain a healthy mental state in the oppressive environment surrounding the woman. Throughout the story, the author traces the woman's mental deterioration from a having a normal but weakened sense of self, to a complete inversion of her ego. She slowly inverts her orientation of her place in society, turning away from society completely in order to create a world where she can act on her own volition. In order to represent the stages of her gradually worsening state of mind, the author represents the woman's struggles through a parallel with her view of the wallpaper. The wallpaper is at first a seeming inversion of the woman's mind, but it is gradu... ...leasantville: Reader’s Digest, 1977.   195-206. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992 Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15. Kessler, Carol Parley. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860 -1935." Modem American Women Writers. Ed. Elaine Showalter, et al. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991. 155 -169. Owens, E. Suzanne. â€Å"The Ghostly Double behind the Wallpaper in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Scharnhorst, Gary. "Gilman." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 209-210. Wagner-Martin, Linda. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 981- 982.   

Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 3 A. Determine which level of measurement— nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio—is used in the following examples. 1. The Association of Accountants is conducting a survey to determine the ranking of the top 100 accounting firms in the world. Ordinal 2. How many years did it take you to earn your college degree? Ratio 3. On a questionnaire which asks for gender, males are coded as 1 and females are coded as 2. Nominal 4. Respondents are asked to rate a list of high-tech companies as excellent, good, fair, or poor in terms of their service delivery. Ordinal 5. Cereal brands are arranged in an ordered sequence in which an equal interval exists between each point. Interval 6. Jake Locker averages 350 yards per game passing. Interval 7. The length of time it takes the winner of a marathon to cross the finish line. Ratio 8. Students are asked to rank computer manufacturers. Ordinal 9. The brand of charge card used by a customer. Nominal B. Which sampling method—simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, convenience, judgment, quota, or snowball—is most appropriate for the following examples? Explain why. 1. The unemployment rate is calculated each month by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey consists of 50,000 households in about 2,000 counties and cities in all 50 states. Stratified. Because you are dividing into subgroups prior to sampling. 2. A researcher for Kraft Foods selects five states randomly, and then selects 10 supermarkets chains within each state to call for a phone survey as test markets for a new cookie. Cluster. You are dividing into groups or cluster then taking a random sample. 3. A new product researcher would like to investigate the use of virtual teams. After conducting an interview with a manager, she asks for the names of other managers that use virtual teams. Snowball. You are using a small pool of subjects and generating more from them. 4. A news reporter asks people on the street their opinion about the president’s new bill. Convenience. There are some members of the population that have no chance of being selected and you are using readily available subjects. 5. Jamie select Denver, Colorado; Chicago, Illinois; and San Diego, California as test markets for a potato chip line base on her experience with these markets. Judgment. Because Jamie has used his or her own judgment to select the appropriate sample. 6. A researcher instructs field interviewers to interview customers of different cell phone companies in a nearby shopping mall so that they each interview 10 AT&T, 8 T Mobile, 6 Verizon, and 4 owners of other cell phone providers. Quota. Because there is a set requirement of the sampling pool. 7. The Consumer Price Index represents a sampling of 90,000 items from 364 categories, chosen from 20,000 retail stores in 85 geographically distributed areas that are chosen to be as similar as possible. Stratified. Because you are dividing into subgroups prior to sampling. 8. A finance professor wants to know how many MBA students would be willing to take a course in international finance this summer. She surveys students in the class she is currently teaching. Cluster because she is dividing all MBA students into a group and sampling her class. It could also be seen as Convenience because she is sampling a group that is on hand and there is a set that doesn’t have a chance to be selected (anyone not in her class).

Police Organization Essay

I this paper I am going to explain to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I will also identify the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. When I am finished with my paper you should have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works. The United States has one of the most complex law enforcement systems because of the various levels of their policing agencies. In the United stated each town, county, state, city, and small village has it’s oh policing agency. Even though there are various police agencies the structural organization is similar. This is because all law enforcement agencies have the same objective. The organizations of the police agencies are hierarchical. Police institutions can be analyzed like organizations with several key components (Alvarado, 2008). These organizations are designed with rank structure, separate departments and units. These components work together to form a fully functioning law enforcement agency. Some examples of local agencies are city, county, town, and incorporated village police. These agencies work together in order to ensure safety at a local level. There are many different functions and roles of the local police agencies. Local police are responsible for performing many routine activities. The duties include patrolling the neighborhood community, enforcing the law, providing emergency services, conducting investigations, and upholding community relations. Local police are not responsible for enforcing the law outside their jurisdiction and assistant is needed at a higher level (Congressional Digest, 1965). As far as state level goes there are also various agencies. These agencies include state and port authority police. State police agencies have many roles when it comes to the law. The state agencies are responsible for keeping the area within the state safe, keep our highways safe, and keep our parks free of crime, violent, and violations. Federal levels are responsible for coming in and stepping up when our lower levels of authority are in desperate need of help ( example: An older man meeting up with a girl whom he had met online). The FBI has to get involved when it comes to this. Sometimes also when dealing with federal you end up dealing with government as well. The FBI and other federal police help solve crimes that lower authority cannot handle or sometimes just need some help. So as you can see the police levels have to be well organized in order to be effective and in well working order. In this paper I have explained to you the various types of police agencies at the local, state, and federal level and how each is organized. I have also identified the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as they relate to the law. You should now have a better understanding of police organizing and how police organization works.

Swot Analysis of Indian Economy

SWOT Analysis of various sectors of Indian Economy. The India economy, which is the 9th largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, can be broadly classified into three sectors: 1) Primary Sector or Agriculture Sector, which contributes about 15% to the GDP and employs around 57% of the total workforce. 2) Secondary Sector or Industry sector, which contributes about 28% to the DP and employs around 14% of the workforce. 3) Tertiary Sector or Service Sector, which contributes the maximum of 57% to the GDP and employs around 29% of the workforce. SWOT analysis of Agriculture Sector: Strengths : – * The favourable Climate and terrain of the Indian sub-continent makes it suitable for producing a variety of crops. * As it employs majority of population, it enjoys a competitive labour force. * The agriculture sector in India is competitive and hence evolving, produces a large variety of crops, and enjoys a well demanded market as Indians prefer fresh farm produce over the processed food items. Weaknesses:- * As the majority of workforce is uneducated, they are not able to make the most out of the government policies. Moreover, though the government spends enough over the agricultural reforms, but due to the low level of execution on their part, it does not produce the desired results. * Due to the lack of proper storage facilities and road connectivity of the farms with the respective market, around 60% of the fresh farm produce like vegetables, fruits etc get wasted. * Since only 40% of the land under cultivation gets irrigated through canals, tube wells etc. , the farmers depend heavily upon the annual monsoons. Opportunities:- A growing population, availability of modern agricultural techniques, easy availability of banking finance, variety of pest resistance crops, coming up of retail chains and various government schemes and policies, would make both the demand and the production go up. * Rise in demand of pulses and grains in the Asian economies, and the production of fuels like ethanol from grains, provide more market opportunities. Threats:- * More and more of the agricultural land is bei ng taken up to meet with the demands of the housing and industrial sector, thereby reducing land under cultivation. With the increase in the purchasing power of the Indians, the packaged food industry is gaining importance in the Indian market, especially in the cities and among the youth. * Some of the government policies like MGNREGA, is diverting the farm labour to other employment avenues, which could affect the agriculture adversely as it depends heavily on manual labour. * Stiff competition from the international markets, if India opens up the trade barriers in the agriculture sector. SWOT analysis of Industrial Sector: Strengths:- With over half a billion population in the age group of 25-60 years, the industrial sector enjoys a competitive labour market. * Availability of natural resources, skilled and cheap manpower, liberal national policies provide the environment for industries to thrive. Weaknesses:- * Due to India being a democratic country and a mixed economy, the ind ustry has to adhere too many of the protectionist policies of the government, which affects the industry adversely. * The complex labour laws and other political barriers, prevents the industries to work at the best of their efficiency, thus effecting productivity. Opportunities:- * With the rise in the incomes of the Indians, especially the Indian middle class, promises a lucrative domestic market for all the industries. * With the slowdown of the European & American economies, Indian companies should towards the African countries like Ghana, Kenya etc. which are growing at a rate of 7-8%. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower cost of production. * Delay in policy decisions by Indian policy makers, corruption charges and scandals, hindering the ease to do business. Protectionist policies adopted by various European countries and America to safeguard their own interests. SWOT analysis of Service Sector: Strengths:- * With 64% of the Indian population being educated, the service industry has a large talent poll to work with. * Due to large and skilled work force, the labour market becomes competitive, providing cheap labour. * The Robust Banking and Financial system and regulat ions, provide stability not only to banking sector but also to the entire economy. Weaknesses:- Too much dependence on America and European economies for business. * The Indigenous base of the IT industry is not sufficiently developed to sustain software export. Opportunities:- * With the Increased computerization in various public and government organization, the Indian IT industry has ready-made domestic market. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower labour. * Due to the economic slowdown, countries like America are adopting policies to prohibit outsourcing, which will affect the IT industry. Swot Analysis of Indian Economy SWOT Analysis of various sectors of Indian Economy. The India economy, which is the 9th largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, can be broadly classified into three sectors: 1) Primary Sector or Agriculture Sector, which contributes about 15% to the GDP and employs around 57% of the total workforce. 2) Secondary Sector or Industry sector, which contributes about 28% to the DP and employs around 14% of the workforce. 3) Tertiary Sector or Service Sector, which contributes the maximum of 57% to the GDP and employs around 29% of the workforce. SWOT analysis of Agriculture Sector: Strengths : – * The favourable Climate and terrain of the Indian sub-continent makes it suitable for producing a variety of crops. * As it employs majority of population, it enjoys a competitive labour force. * The agriculture sector in India is competitive and hence evolving, produces a large variety of crops, and enjoys a well demanded market as Indians prefer fresh farm produce over the processed food items. Weaknesses:- * As the majority of workforce is uneducated, they are not able to make the most out of the government policies. Moreover, though the government spends enough over the agricultural reforms, but due to the low level of execution on their part, it does not produce the desired results. * Due to the lack of proper storage facilities and road connectivity of the farms with the respective market, around 60% of the fresh farm produce like vegetables, fruits etc get wasted. * Since only 40% of the land under cultivation gets irrigated through canals, tube wells etc. , the farmers depend heavily upon the annual monsoons. Opportunities:- A growing population, availability of modern agricultural techniques, easy availability of banking finance, variety of pest resistance crops, coming up of retail chains and various government schemes and policies, would make both the demand and the production go up. * Rise in demand of pulses and grains in the Asian economies, and the production of fuels like ethanol from grains, provide more market opportunities. Threats:- * More and more of the agricultural land is bei ng taken up to meet with the demands of the housing and industrial sector, thereby reducing land under cultivation. With the increase in the purchasing power of the Indians, the packaged food industry is gaining importance in the Indian market, especially in the cities and among the youth. * Some of the government policies like MGNREGA, is diverting the farm labour to other employment avenues, which could affect the agriculture adversely as it depends heavily on manual labour. * Stiff competition from the international markets, if India opens up the trade barriers in the agriculture sector. SWOT analysis of Industrial Sector: Strengths:- With over half a billion population in the age group of 25-60 years, the industrial sector enjoys a competitive labour market. * Availability of natural resources, skilled and cheap manpower, liberal national policies provide the environment for industries to thrive. Weaknesses:- * Due to India being a democratic country and a mixed economy, the ind ustry has to adhere too many of the protectionist policies of the government, which affects the industry adversely. * The complex labour laws and other political barriers, prevents the industries to work at the best of their efficiency, thus effecting productivity. Opportunities:- * With the rise in the incomes of the Indians, especially the Indian middle class, promises a lucrative domestic market for all the industries. * With the slowdown of the European & American economies, Indian companies should towards the African countries like Ghana, Kenya etc. which are growing at a rate of 7-8%. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower cost of production. * Delay in policy decisions by Indian policy makers, corruption charges and scandals, hindering the ease to do business. Protectionist policies adopted by various European countries and America to safeguard their own interests. SWOT analysis of Service Sector: Strengths:- * With 64% of the Indian population being educated, the service industry has a large talent poll to work with. * Due to large and skilled work force, the labour market becomes competitive, providing cheap labour. * The Robust Banking and Financial system and regulat ions, provide stability not only to banking sector but also to the entire economy. Weaknesses:- Too much dependence on America and European economies for business. * The Indigenous base of the IT industry is not sufficiently developed to sustain software export. Opportunities:- * With the Increased computerization in various public and government organization, the Indian IT industry has ready-made domestic market. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower labour. * Due to the economic slowdown, countries like America are adopting policies to prohibit outsourcing, which will affect the IT industry.