Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay

Provision of instruction in the current universe has been faced with many challenges particularly sing the equality issues in the society. This paper addresses the societal deductions of attitude, statute law and judicial proceeding on the lives of pupils with disablements. Introduction Over the old ages, handicapped people in the society have been forced to populate with many challenges sing their handicapped position. Disabled people have several jobs in footings of motion, instruction and many other societal activities as they are non able to take part and be able to be involved in these activities. The instruction sector has non been left out as the handicapped pupils are faced with many challenges in larning compared to their fellow pupils who are non disabled. The society has been forced to come up with ways in which the handicappeds can be given discriminatory intervention and services compared to the other members of the society through debut of statute law and extenuations to regulate the instruction of the handicapped. For the past old ages, the services given to people with disablement particularly in the instruction sector have been uneffective as a consequence of several grounds that cause hapless service bringing to the disabled in the particular instruction sector. Fiscal issue has been a major hinderance in proviso of services in the particular instruction sector as there have been issues of fewer financess allocated to this sector. There is besides a job sing logistics as the aid and services offered by several bureaus require a batch of attempt for them to move and give the necessary aid needed ( Gordon, 2004 p.72-89 ) . The attitude of people towards people with disablements has several impacts on the lives of the people populating with disablements. The handicapped have been forced to populate with the impacts of negative societal attitude towards them and a farther societal stigma apart from the larger job they are confronting sing their mental or physical hindrances as a consequence of their disablement. The negative attitude towards people with disablements can be seen through societal rejection of handicapped people by the society members a frailty that is present across several civilizations. Peoples with disablements have several more demands than that of a normal individual and therefore there is development of a impression in the society that people with disablements are a load to the society. This factor helps nature the negative attitude towards people with disablements in the society. This negative attitude impacts negatively on the lives of pupils with disablements as it makes them see themselves as a load to the society from their many demands and furthers the societal stigma these pupils are faced with a factor that impacts negatively on their instruction. Attitude towards people with disablement has been negatively displayed through several civilizations that see mental deceleration as psyches that are possessed by evil liquors or punished by God and therefore require spiritual intercessions or dispossession. Such attitudes vested in the heads of people impacts negatively on their attitude towards the disabled as they are forced to see the handicapped as less human existences and farther the societal stigma faced by people with disablement ( Gordon, 2004 p.72-89 ) Students without disablement have negative societal response to other pupils with disablements particularly the mentally retarded as a consequence O f their negative attitude towards them despite the several steps that have been developed to change this that include legislative support, improved attention and the improved and sophisticated ways to give a medical history of the beginning of different disablements. The fact that disabled pupils were treated otherwise from the other pupils by debut of particular instruction that was chiefly provided in particular schoolrooms or even particular schools a fact that furthered the stigma among the handicapped pupils as these meant they were non equal to their opposite numbers who are non disabled ( Ramirez ) . Provision of instruction to the handicapped pupils has become a major challenge to different authoritiess and provinces. Educators have been faced with challenges of how best they can supply instruction to the handicapped and has seen the debut of particular instruction that meant that handicapped pupils were non included in schoolrooms with other able pupils and meant arrangement in separate schoolrooms or schools. The societal attitude that the handicapped pupils should be treated individually as a consequence of their disablement is wholly incorrect and it discouraged the formation of Torahs that would regulate the general instruction of exceeding pupils or handicapped pupils on the footing that dividing the pupils with disablements from those who are non disabled is far from doing them equal and that all the pupils had equal protection from the jurisprudence. The thought that the handicapped pupils should be separated from their fellow pupils has greatly changed as a consequence inequality that consequences from this action and hence there was demand to develop the statute laws and judicial proceedings that govern the instruction of pupils with disablements ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 12 ) . Several opinions against segregation by the United States Supreme Court set the gait in the hunt for equality in the instruction sector that included people with disablement. The celebrated Fourteen Amendment provides the right to equal instruction for any member of the province and no province may deny equal right to education to any individual within its legal power. Students with disablements have a right to equal instruction like their nondisabled opposite numbers as provided by the jurisprudence. The proviso of particular instruction that was ab initio provided outside the regular schoolroom is now provided in the regular schoolroom and there is no separation of the handicapped pupils from the schoolroom hence they learn together a system referred to as inclusion ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 13 ) . Legislations and judicial proceedings have been passed to regulate the instruction of the handicapped pupils. The construct of particular instruction by the Congress as it passed an act that instruction would be provided for all the disabled kids and guaranteed the proviso of public instruction to all pupils irrespective of their ability which provided the footing for inclusive acquisition. It provided that every pupil was eligible to have appropriate public instruction and have the chance to larn in a no limitation environment. In inclusive acquisition, general instruction provided to pupils plants in cooperation with particular instruction with the chief purpose of proviso of quality instruction plans to the pupils irrespective of their disablement. Such statute laws provided that pupils with disablements both in public and private establishments would have instruction with the nondisabled pupils, there should be no particular categories, separate schooling and that no pupil should be removed in their categories unless the badness of the disablement hinders the proviso of instruction to that pupil wholly ( Ramirez, 2003 p. 12 ) . The inclusion of the handicapped pupils into mainstream categories with other chap nondisabled pupils has some positive and negative impacts to the pupils with disablement. Though we may state that the handicapped pupils benefit in this environment through societal and academic interaction with the other pupils, it is difficult to disregard the fact that they are forced to meet rough academic competition from their chap nondisabled pupils. The inclusion of the handicapped pupils in the same categories as the nondisabled pupils increases the force per unit area on both the instructor and the handicapped pupils to be at par with their chap nondisabled pupils and failure to make so may increase the stigma in the pupil. The current instruction clime may non prefer much the instruction and public presentation of certain disablement instances like the mentally retarded hence particular instruction will better flatly in the hereafter. Decision Students with disablement are faced with many challenges in life as a consequence of their disable position. Introduction of statute laws and judicial proceeding to regulate their instruction is a first positive measure in guaranting they benefit from instruction provided in establishments. Social forums and public instruction should besides be encouraged so as to assist alter the attitude of the society towards people with disablement hence bettering their lives.

Informative Essay Difference in Cell Phones

â€Å"There is no question about it. The cell phone has completely changed the way that the world lives. † We live in a world of different technologies, but the cell phone seems to have the biggest impact on peoples’ life today. We use newer cell phones and updates daily. Cell phones have changes drastically since the very first cell phone was invented in 1983. Although some people think cell phones updates have not affected them, it honestly has by having different prices of the cell phone, having new appearances’ of the cell phone, the way people communicate, and new updates for different apps.The cost of a cell phone has definitely changed over the years, for instance Retro Brick said, â€Å"the price was some $3,995 in 1983 dollars. † Back in 1983, $3,995 was a large amount of money. Comparing the amount in 1983 to 2013, $3,995 is like probably thousands and thousands of dollars more than that in 1983. Today in America to buy a cell phone, you need a c ontract with a cellular provider for example AT&T, Sprint, and Verizon Wireless.Lets’ say the buyer wants to buy the new IPhone 5, they would have to buy the data plan that has internet, texting, and calling; the costumer has a choice of unlimited calling and texting or having a certain amount minutes for calling and a certain amount of text messages you can send. The price of the IPhone 5 64GB alone is $400. With a contract the IPhone 5 64GB comes out to about $200. The appearance of the cell phone has changed completely. In 1983 the phone was super big, as NBC describes it, â€Å"the brick†.It would only allow thirty minute calls and took up to eight hours for it to charge. It was gray and had a large keypad. The only thing you could operate was have a call for thirty minutes. You could only save a few numbers. Of course if you can only have phone calls, which means you could not take pictures. The IPhone 5 is very thin and is light in weight. You have a choice betwe en white or black phone. It only takes up to about forty-five minutes for it to fully charge.It is touch screen, you can take pictures, listen to music, save up to hundreds of phone numbers, and you can send text messages. You can also get onto the internet. Since the first cell phone only allowed one thirty minute conversation, you usually had to talk to people in person more and would have to write letter instead of just sending text message. They would usually have to set up meetings. Which today you can have a ten hour phone call if you wanted too and you can send text messages if you need to tell them something at the exact moment, or they have FaceTime meetings, o it really changed how people communicate in today’s society. When the first cell phone came out of course it did not have any apps for it if all you could was call and receive calls. Which today there are over thousands of apps to get. Many people buy or download new apps on a daily basis. There are different types of apps which are social media, games, news, books, business, education, fitness, medical, lifestyle, music sports travel, utilities, and weather.The app that mostly all teens and adults have is Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. It’s usually teens that have games and entertainment apps on their phones. Adults usually have books, weather, education, and all the other adult categories of apps. There are always new updates for all of these apps. For instance Twitter just had an update and the last update was a couple months ago, meaning usually apps have a new update with new features every couple of months, or even sooner or later than that.It usually depends on the app producer. There will always be new appearances’ of cell phones and different prices. The biggest thing that will always have something new are the apps, apps will always have an update if is still continuously used for instance Twitter, weather, and News will always have an update because they are t he apps that require updating, but other than the updates†¦I think that this topic needs to be researched further since there are updates with apps, appearance, and price very often.Bibliography Knight, Fredrick. â€Å"Facts AboutCell Phones. † Facts About Cell Phones. N. p. , 2006. Web. 07 Feb. Knight, Fredrick. â€Å"Facts AboutCell Phones. † Facts About Cell Phones. N. p. , 2006. Web. 07 Feb. 2013. 2013. â€Å"RETROBRICK – the Home of Vintage and Rare Mobile Phones. † RETROBRICK – the Home of Vintage and Rare Mobile Phones. N. p. , n. d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013. â€Å"First Cell Phone a True ‘brick'† Msnbc. com. N. p. , 11 Apr. 2005. Web. 07 Feb. 2013.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Iban Marriage

A young man may marry at the age of twenty-two, if he is the only child in the family. If he has brothers or sisters, he is likely to marry when he grows older. A girl usually marries at the age of eighteen. At these ages young men and women generally know how to support themselves. If a young man wants to marry he may tell his parents, so that they may choose the daughter of one of their close relatives for him. If he wishes to marry a particular girl, he may tell them so, so that they may think about it in making a final decision.If they agree to their son’s choice, they will send word regarding their intention to the girl’s parents. If the boy’s request is acceptable to the parents of the girl, then the latter may fix a day for nanya bini, when they can discuss formally the rules they will follow at the wedding of their children. A day or two prior to nanya bini, the young man’s parents will inform their relatives about the coming wedding of their son t o the girl he loves.They also request that three men and three women who are very closely related to them join them in meeting and discussing the coming marriage with the girl’s parents on the nanya bini day. The nanya bini meeting between parents of the future bride and the bridegroom may take place either during the day or at night. If it is held during the day, the young man’s parents and relatives will come early to the girl’s room. On their arrival the men are asked to take a seat on the mats which have been spread for this purpose along the girl’s family’s upper gallery, while the women are invited to take a seat in the family room.At about 10 a. m. , after the visitors have been entertained with drinks, the girl’s father calls all the people of the longhouse and his relatives who have arrived from other villages to gather at his lower gallery in order to hear his discussion with his visitors. After the people have taken their seats th e parents of the bride and the bridegroom inform their friends arid relatives that they have agreed that their son and their daughter should be married if the bridegroom’s parents agree to the payment of adat nikah (marriage price) demanded by the bride’s parents as follows: 1.A bride’s wealth of $100 to $300, depending upon the family background of the bride-to-be, and lower than $100 if she is of low birth. 2. A sigi alas muda, $4. 00, to sigi rusa, $8. 00, of bunga pinang (ceremonial wedding fee), and sigi jabir, $1. 00, to sigi panding, $2. 00 again, if the bride is of low birth. 3. One medium size brass gun (bedil) for batang pinang and one bendai gong for tandan pinang if the bride and the bridegroom are of distinguished families. People of common background would not demand the batang and tandan pinang presents from the bridegroom’s family.If the bridegroom’s parents agree to pay the marriage price, then a genealogist (tukang tusut) will rec ite the bride’s and the bridegroom’s family trees to see whether the marriage is incestuous or not. Incestuous means in this connection that the couple is kin of different generations. If their union is incestuous to this sense then the bridal parents should inform the Penghulu (district chief) that the coming marriage ceremony of their children will be celebrated with besapat ka ai or bekalih di darat depending on the category of the incest as discussed earlier (cf, pp. 29-30).At the end of the discussion of nanya bini, the groom’s parents leave a silver girdle (lampit) with the bride as a deposit to bind their promise. A day is then set for the melah pinang or marriage ceremony which must be held within three months. If it is an incestuous marriage, it must be held as soon as possible after the besapat ka ai or bekalih di darat ceremonies in order to avoid kudi (disaster). A few days after this, the groom’s parents will gather the people of their longho use to inform them that their son’s marriage has been agreed upon in discussion with the future bride’s parents.The groom’s father also tells them of the day agreed upon for the wedding festival. From this time onwards the groom’s family starts to make cakes and accumulates the derian fees. The marriage festival (melah pinang) is held in the bride’s house. About one week before the Melah Pinang festival is held, the groom’s parents again call all the people in their longhouse to meet at their gallery as they are to send the belanja (expenses) to the bride’s parents. At this meeting each family in the longhouse presents whatever money its members have agreed to con-tribute to finance the feast.After the groom’s parents have sent their belanja for the Melah Pinang feast, the girl’s parents will begin to pound rice, brew jars of tuak wine, and buy the necessary bulls, pigs and drinks for the oc ¬casion. Four to five days before the ceremony, the girl’s parents call for a meeting of people on their house gallery. At this meeting, the girl’s father enquires from the heads of each family whether they have finished making preparations for the ceremony. If all preparations have been made, then the bride’s father will inform the people of how many neighboring longhouses he intends to invite to the feast.The people of other families in the longhouse will naturally agree to this and one man is sent to invite the guests upriver while another man is sent downriver. The two men inform the guests to come to the wedding festival early that day so that their reception can be properly perfor ¬med. By this point the agreement to marry is considered binding on both par ¬ties, and compensation must be paid if either wishes to break the agreement. 1. If a young man makes a promise to discuss his marriage with a girl’s parents and fails to do so according to his promise, he is fined sigi jabir, $1. 0, and sigi panding, $2. 00, for the cost of pinang sirih wasted by the parents of the girl. If he refuses to pay the fine, the case is brought to the court of the Penghulu for further hearing. 2. If a bridegroom fails to marry his bride after the melah pinang day has been fixed, through no fault of the later, the former is fined sigi panding, $2. 00, and sigi alas, $4. 00, respectively, the later for the cost of wasted pinang sirih. If the bridegroom refuses to pay the fine, the case is brought to the Penghulu’s court for further judgment.

Monday, July 29, 2019

English Language Learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Language Learner - Essay Example In addition, ELL students tend to be nervous and anxious about interacting and addressing these issues to their teachers. In some cultures for instance, it is considered a taboo for a male, Middle-Eastern student to ask for help since it is considered to be â€Å"unmanly.† Issues such as these are prevalent in all cultures. The fear of participation and interaction with mainstream students for international students is even harder when interacting with NES. International students are intimidated as the possibility of mispronouncing or misinterpreting a certain words can be extremely humiliating. Undoubtedly, ESL students feel constrained to communicate effectively in a social environment due to their accents. All these factors accumulate to create a barrier towards developing interpersonal relationships. 2. What are the socio-cultural characteristics of young English Language Learners? What are the educational backgrounds of the families whose home language is other than Engli sh? Gather information about demographics in your state, and discuss how this can impact your work as a teacher.   Young English language learners are hardworking, determined and enthusiastic about learning the English language. Most students that are international students are middle-class and are highly educated. ... For instance, researchers suggest that developing critical skills for international students stem from analyzing magazine and radio advertisements. With this creative approach, students tend to modify their attention between subject matter and language data. 3. How do young ELL children acquire a second language? What is your current ability in supporting acquisition of second language for young ELL children?   Based on careful analysis, everyday conversational skills such as writing, reading and collaboration can truly solidify the foundation of the student’s cognitive and linguistic skills. In the process of learning an additional language, ESL students must keep up with the daily strains that are placed in their program of studies. Furthermore, ESL students must learn to excel in time management skills. Indisputably, each student has a unique set of literacy development needs. Most ESL students have a strict schedule and must be accommodated with personalized program of a ctivities that is managed by the staff itself. Lastly, the implementation of workshops with groups can tremendously enhance the process of acquiring a second language. As of now, we conduct workshops and conduct role playing, in which students are always engaged in a learning environment. 4. Describe how young ELL children’s cultural communication styles and learning styles affect the learning process. Refer to your observation of a young ELL child, during your Family Workshop. How did the family / teacher respond to the child in context of his/her communication style and learning style?   Without a doubt, different cultures possess different

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Business Communication skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication skills - Research Paper Example According to Evans et al (1998, Pp. 53) â€Å"The most English-medium communications in business are non-native speaker to non-native speaker (NNS - NNS) and the English they use is International English†. Thus, it is extremely essential to impart proper training to non native speakers in Business English (which is different than General English) in order to facilitate smoother business relations and participate in international business ventures on account of their English speaking skills. Although it is difficult to define the term Business English Pickett, (1986, Pp. 16) states that business English communication has several facets one of them being the fact that it is "lot nearer to the everyday language spoken by the general public than many other segments of ESP† Despite its importance and growing popularity, Business English communication still remains a largely ignored area, in the sense that it still lacks proper structured and professional courses which imparts training and education to adults. There is an urgent need for a well recognized universal foundation of business language similar to one observed in academic English communication, which is much more organized with a comparatively well-accepted semi technical lexis and grammar which is an inevitable aspect of the EST textbooks (Bates, Dudley-Evans, 1976; Donovan, 1978; Allen, Widdowson, 1974). However, Pickett (1989, Pp.6) believes that the very nature of Business English as a "mediating language between the technicalities of particular businesses and the language of the general public" (Pickett 1989, Pp.6) which suggests that there cannot be a simply definable structure of lexis and grammar which strives to differentiate Business English from other forms such as English for Gener al purposes or academic purposes. Oral communication at the workplace - which includes formal

Saturday, July 27, 2019

A Critique of the relationship between power and desire in Foucaults Essay - 1

A Critique of the relationship between power and desire in Foucaults analyses of the Repressive Hypothesis - Essay Example Sexuality was gradually divided into smaller pockets of desire, and some preferences isolated as ‘perversions’. At the same time, the ethics of the confessional made it seem necessary to analyse and judge every sexual preference; power was created in this way for the benefit of the listener; in exchange the teller gained a system of knowledge, and the release of discourse. Power remained linked to sexuality through discourse and the importance of knowledge. The eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the classification of women’s bodies as ‘hysterical’, children’s bodies as ‘innocent’, family bodies as ‘ritual’ and ‘social’ and abnormal bodies as ‘medical’. â€Å"A sexuality without sex†: Paedophilia and the problem of repression in the current age. Feminists and Foucault: problems and sympathies. Male-repression, chosen sexuality, and the problems of sexual liberation movements; rebellio n and convention: is there a sexual difference? Controlling the body. Conclusion. Michel Foucault has become one of the most influential of the French philosophers of the twentieth century. While Foucault has been connected with both the postmodernist and post-structuralist movements, he was in essence a social theorist and historian, not unlike Lawrence Stone, although Foucault worked more on the interplay of ideas, while Stone concentrated more upon the impact of social alterations on family, sexual relationships, and society at large. While some may wish to study their fellow humans and as ‘does such a thing as human nature exist?’, Foucault instead concentrates upon how the idea of human nature has interacted with other parts of society. In order to truly comprehend what it is that Foucault is saying about power and desire within repression, and (even harder) understand what he means by these terms, the reader must have some understanding of Foucault’s

Friday, July 26, 2019

The Geography of Bliss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Geography of Bliss - Essay Example The gross national happiness index like the one in use in Bhutan is the real measure of happiness. Qataris wealth still fails to make them happy. Strong moral character has influence of the relationship and trust that people accord to individuals. Trust has been shown by studies to influence and increase happiness. Equally, stunted moral character compromises trust and as such reduces the index of happiness. United States of America would fit me for happiness. The idea that home is the place where happiness is found resonates with my sanguine nature. Travelling through the diverse economic and social landscape, the America presents would suffice in defining and making me happy. The fact that people quickly return to their state of happiness in spite of circumstance and condition keeps them from despair. This is made possible by the adaptation that people use in dealing with sad occurrences and in using the painful occurrences to inspire happiness. Iceland ranks the highest in happiness even in winter. The reason behind their happiness is their belief system that it is better for many people to share in suffering as it reduces the burden than few people to suffer intensely. Likewise, their belief that failure presents an opportunity to do something different inspires risk-taking, which is fun (Rich,

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Reading response papers - Essay Example While Marinetti’s manifesto is obviously motivated by the desire for change, it has the tone of a call-to-arms! It overflows with revolutionary enthusiasm and is written in a highly exaggerated, theatrical style. Marinetti urges men  to embrace speed, war, machinery and danger.  He rejects the past and disregards the future, living only in a hedonistic present. Throughout the manifesto, Marinetti’s love for automobiles, and speed, is evident. â€Å"The hungry automobiles roared beneath our windows (209),† he says. Marinetti gives the car life as a powerful, dangerous animal – it is a snorting beast, and â€Å"a vast shark† (211). He lavishes caresses on it. To him, a racing automobile embodies the very peak of beauty. He celebrates the man at the wheel of a car. The automobile finds mention in points three and four of his manifesto. In this context, it seems somehow appropriate that Marinetti meets with an accident when speeding on his automobil e and lands in a ditch. â€Å"The mad intoxication† of his speed, a Dionysian frenzy, is present in every line of his manifesto. His complete abandonment of reason, and his adamant resolve to â€Å"leave good sense behind† (2010), can but lead to catastrophe, here embodied by the accident. The two cyclists can be perceived to represent reason. The â€Å"love of danger, the habit of energy and rashness† (2011) is sure to lead to mishaps. However, for all its impractical, radical language, Manetti’s manifesto remains a lyrical testament to the Futurist

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Feeding America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feeding America - Essay Example Before the process started, a prayer was meditated from one of the group members and immediately we began the sorting. The objective of the event was to finish the process within a period of four hours but what I observed; some colleagues were not working towards the stated goal because they involved in the non-event businesses. The project was evolved and transformed through item end time. The faster the group was done with the assignment, the earlier it left the site. From my group, we worked towards the targeted schedule by focusing all our attention on the allocated task. From the organization, I discovered that there is more need for more organizations to support the needy in the society because I found that the only company is going to satisfy all needs of the people living there. The company that was volunteering had the limited personnel to assist in the package and to distribute the food the interested parties (Corbett, 2013). Again, the shortage of funds from the volunteering company was another challenge I discovered. About the service, the initial undertaking made my thoughts wonder if the learning project would be a successful one. The starting was somehow boring and complicated. Eventually, the event went hand in hand with the content course due to the interactive nature we had in linked with the course of study I take. The structure of the organization stressed more on social aspects and developmental strategies. My contribution to the event motivated many because of my interactive nature the children who were present stated that I will be their future role model. The event impacted positively in that the company had to submit the food earlier compared to the other events when they had less manpower to package and distribute the food. Event communications were through mobile phones but at minimal instances because of the completion objective. As a result this minimal communication, to me I

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Company Report (on KPMG) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Report (on KPMG) - Coursework Example After the merge, there were disagreements on the name of the firm but in 1990 it was agreed to name the firm as KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock. This name was changed later in 1991 to KPMG Peat Marwick and remained so up to 1999 when the name was reduced to KPMG. The company has presence in various countries in the world. Every national KPMG firm is a separate independent legal entity and is a member of KPMG international cooperative (KPMG PEAT MARWICK, 1980). KPMG offers its services to various markets and industries. Its markets are classified into financial services; where advisory services are offered. It majors in capital management, credit crisis and balance sheet management. Second are Consumer and Industrial Markets; the company works in helping industries to solve challenges associated with changing business and industrial environment. Information, communications and entertainment marker is another great sector. The rapid changes in these sectors require rapid response. As a result, KPMG offer adequate advisory services on ways to cope with these changes. Governments provide the other market (KPMG, 1998). Every government in the globe works toward spurring economic growth. The company provides financial advice, performance improvement and programme management services to governments. KPMG is an international company with its international headquarters in Amstelveen, Netherlands. It has branches in various countries with more than 156 countries around the globe. The company’s global employee’s number total to more than 152000 exceptional professionals. The company’s chairman is in Hong Kong. KPMG offers various products to its clients. First, is auditing services; it offers auditing services to various companies over the globe. They provide audited financial reports and other attestations reports. Second are taxation services; in the current economic world companies outsource taxation services.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy - Essay Example Considering the variation in cultural predisposition, myths also varies. Different beliefs persist in different parts of the globe defining culture, traditions and rituals of that particular region. A comparative account could be established between different mythologies and this is packed under comparative mythology. Myth refers to variety of stories sharing distinctiveness, making it special and diverse from other genres, folklores and legends. Formulating this as a basis, myths could be defined as "Myths are symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), may be connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values." (What is Myth?). William Bascom in his article entitled â€Å"The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives† defined myth as "tales believed as true, usually sacred, set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world, and with extra- human, inhuman, or heroic characters". Considering the extra-human description in most of the mythologies across the world, myths are considered as "cosmogenic" or cosmogonic or "cosmic" taken from Greek word kosmos meaning order. Beliefs represent this order as the tradition and culture of that particular geographical location and these features delineate the nature of the inhabitants belonging to that milieu. Concepts of myth encompass definition of myths in various paradigms, from the thought of origin of the universe to the rules of nature that paves the way to modulate culture, rituals, ceremonies, food and medicines. Depending upon the climatic condition, seasons, flora and fauna, ancient beliefs called myths lay their foundation. Myths are therefore considered as narratives of cosmogonic origin as they define origin of the universe and life from primordial forms to the present form (What is Myth?). Believers laid the foundation of Sacred Nature of myths as myths narrate the r ituals, sacred stories and folklore of the tradition, these beliefs institute the basis of religions and narratives specify the truth and develop a system of faith and holy credence. Every existing culture portrays the co-existence of secular and sacred myths. Myths thereby narrate influential or expressive form of societal order or significance contained by a way of life. The functioning of the society centers around the beliefs and myths prevalent in that locale. Cultural beliefs are framed through epistemology or the level of understanding displayed by the followers, culture in turn epitomize myths and therefore myths are of paramount significance to exhibit the predilection of residents (What is Myth?). Involvement of Heroic characters is the most imperative characteristic of every myth. These Heroic personalities arbitrate inheritance, disturbing dualities, reunite individuals to the veracities of life or ascertain the prototypes of life. To certain extent myths are believed to co-relate realities with the established facts as any happening in the present could have some instituted facts in the mythology. The predictions made by the astrologers and those who tell the future prospects perform certain calculations that define a particular character that has been already reported in the mythology. Therefore, mythology has certain traits that connects past to the present situation (What is Myth?). Mythology & Philosophy

Monday, July 22, 2019

National Government Essay Example for Free

National Government Essay National Government  is a concept referring to the coalition of the major political parties which were under Ramsay MacDonald,  Stanley Baldwin  and  Neville Chamberlain  they held office from 1931 until 1940. The  Wall Street Crash  was the start of Great Depression  and Britain was badly hit. The Government tried to achieve several different, contradictory objectives which where ones such as, trying to maintain Britains economic position by maintaining the  pound  on the  gold standard, balancing the  budget, and providing assistance and relief to tackle unemployment. In 1931 the situation worsened and there was fear that the budget was unbalanced, which was allowed by the independent  May Report  which triggered a confidence crisis. The  Labour Government  agreed to make changes in taxation and expenditure in order to balance the budget and restore confidence, but the  Cabinet  could not agree on the two options available which was either introduce  tariffs, or make 20% cuts in  unemployment benefit. A final vote was taken on the issue and the Cabinet was split 11:9 with a minority including many political heavyweights such as George Lansbury threatening to resign rather than agree. Due to this unworkable split, on 24 August 1931 the government resigned. Both the Conservative and Liberal parties met with  King George V  and MacDonald, first to discuss support for the measures taken but again to discuss the shape of the next government. On 24 August MacDonald agreed to form a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence. The Government was then meant to resolve once these aims had been met and a general election was to be held. The National Government had many problems during their time in office. One of the major problems they had was the impact of the depression was strong upon Britain. An economic problem they faced was that unemployment had risen to 3 million. During their time in office the unemployment level did drop but this was not due to the national Government it was due to new technology and industries, Rearmament started up in 1936 and there was a housing boom. The national government came up with many schemes such as closing competing factories i. e. cotton; shipbuilding this only increased the number of unemployed. The came up with the unemployment assistance act and the special areas act these worked to a certain extent as for certain areas it was too little too late for schemes like this. But it could not get rid of the intractable million who were people who came from staple industries such as coal, textiles, shipbuilding, iron and steel. These people where the ones who lived in places such as Jarrow where 1 in 10 men where in work. A social problem they faced was that as the impact of the Depression was hard on Britain, there was a large drop in living standards a cut in the amount of benefits people could collect and there was a means test to see if families where eligible for benefits. Which meant fewer families got the ‘dole’ and if they did get it they got a small amount which created the two nations in Britain. As places like Jarrow were one of the worst hit places while places like London and Bristol benefited from a lot of the changes such as they were the ones able to use the new technology and be hired into the new industries and they were one of the few who could afford to buy a new house in the housing boom. There were many hunger marches due to this; the most famous was the Jarrow crusade. This is where many unemployed marched all the way to London to speak to Baldwin about what he was going to do to help them but they were refused a seating which him all they arrived was tea and sympathy it is said. Another Problem faced by the National Government was the balancing of the budget. This was orthodox economics which means it is situation in financial planning where total revenues are equal to or greater than total expenses. This was successful to a limited extent as with all the cuts such as 20% off unemployment as well as having a means test allowing them to save enough money for them to get foreign loans. But only the south of England benefited from the money saved. Social problem occurred due to cuts in unemployment benefit was that there was a drop in benefits for unemployed which led to them having a lower standard of living. They came off the gold standard which made the exports (manufacturers goods) which where imports into other countries cheaper. They lowered interest rates, which helped small businesses, home owners and those in the south of England. Then public sector pay was cut by 10% but navy was not happy about this which caused trouble when the Invogadon navy mutinied. The National Government were successful to an extent but they were limited due to all the economic greatness helped those who were in the south of England and not those in the north which allowed the social deprivation to continue.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation Acquisition

Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation Acquisition Meredith Sigmon Based on my understanding of negotiation strategy and planning, I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation has prepared quite well for the acquisition negotiation. In my understanding of the reading, Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had covered a broad range of information in order to enter negotiations. They had information about the parent companies, how they came to be, the stockholders, profiles of the stockholders, and several other tidbits. If they did overlook or left anything out, I wouldnt be aware as I have no idea how any of this works. I think Corporate Transfer Services will huddle and come back with amendments to the offer. I think they want to sell but dont want to seem to anxious to settle and will try and get a little more out of Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation. Corporate Transfer Services responded by saying they wanted five million, not an estimated $420,000. Their response was not as I expected. I thought they would go closer to one million asking price but they went well above that. I, personally, think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should not laugh and then start to present how they got to the numbers they got to. They did their share of research and know that five million absurd. I am sure Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had prepared for a little wiggle room to make a second offer but not to accommodate what Corporate Transfer Services is asking for. Corporate Transfer Services based their selling price off what another employee relocation company had sold for. They did not take into consideration their own personal business and just based their selling price off what another company had sold for not looking into if they had any similarities to the other company. I dont think Corporate Transfer Services went into this with nearly anywhere close to the amount of information and studying that Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had. Corporate Transfer Services took the easy way out hoping they would just put a number on the table and it would work. They didnt look at their actually numbers and what they were worth to make an educated counter offer. I think Randall and Dolan should lay out exact what they found and how they came to the offering number they did. I think by showing Corporate Transfer Services how they came to the number they did, it would show Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation how they dont really have the power to ask for the outrageous amount that they did. I think Corporate Transfer Services will get scared. They see their only opportunity to sell walking out the door because they were not prepared. I think they will get the fourth owner back in and have an emergency meeting to come up with a solution. It is clear Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation isnt going to waste their time arguing with someone who has no idea about their own company and I think that will scare Corporate Transfer Services into actually looking at what they have to offer. I think this could go in Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation favor drastically now because Corporate Transfer Services was just schooled on their own MetroNet. That would make me double think what I actually knew about my company and maybe how badly I needed to take this offer because they might not get another offer of this magnitude, if ever getting one again. I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should sit back and wait. I feel like they put a little scare into Corporate Transfer Services and they now have the advantage in the bargaining field. They had the information they needed and did their homework so when Corporate Transfer Services tried to make an uneducated statement Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation schooled them on their own company. If Corporate Transfer Services doesnt come back with a solution within the next 12 hours, or when Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation leaves then trash the deal. If Corporate Transfer Services really wants to sell they will have to cater to Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation now. I like Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporations negotiating strategy. I think they are doing what they need to do at this point. It was clear Corporate Transfer Services didnt think this threw and Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation isnt having it. They know that the advantage is now theirs. I dont think it will backfire because Corporate Transfer Services wants to sell, desperately. Each of the members had a reason to want to sell and it was a collective decision. I dont think they have another offer to even consider and if they dont sell now they may not ever. I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should take the new offer back to Philadelphia and wait. They should counter offer with a little lower than their ceiling of $600,000 to still leave a little wiggle room.   I would go back with $500,000 over and make it the final offer. I feel like the most important aspect of Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporations negotiating strategy was the research and knowledge that they prepared themselves with. They didnt leave any stone unturned in their research and went into negotiations with as much knowledge that could handle. I think this is what, eventually, lead to them getting exactly what they wanted and still staying within their range of bargaining they originally set.

Share Repurchases in the US, UK, France and Germany

Share Repurchases in the US, UK, France and Germany 1. Introduction: The market system in the UK and the US has emphasized the role of the stock market in the Anglo-American capitalist system. Shares and bonds have become very common tools of investment in the capital system. Investors buy shares and bonds in the hope of getting capital gains plus income from their investments. Shares offer investors capital gains/losses and dividends, share are very attractive investment tools for people who are prepared to risk their principle and get less than the amount that they have invested. Bonds offer limited return on investments, Bonds offer investors the same principle. Financial managers usually pay off their shareholders using two methods: Dividends: dividends are share of the capital that investors receive in return for investing their money in the company.   Share repurchase/buyback: some financial managers choose to buyback the shares of the company if they feel that they company’s shares are undervalued, buying part of the shares will boost the remaining outstanding share prices. Over the last twenty five years, companies have become less prone to distribute funds to shareholders. This noticeable increase in dividends is accompanies by share repurchases in the US. Since Margaret Thatcher came to the power in the UK, the United Kingdom has adapted a very similar economic path to the US. These developments in the US have been followed by very similar developments in the UK. British companies are trying to concentrate on share buyback rather than pay dividends. In this assignment, we will try to find out why companies are heading towards share buyback. 2. What determines the payout policy of the company?: Miller and Modigliani (1961) were the first two scientists to challenge that fact that high dividends payout leads to higher value of a company. It is apparent that companies’ payout policy does not affect the value of the company. The reason that made Miller and Modigliani think that the payout policy of the firm does not affect the value of the firm is that fact that in a frictionless economy investors could make their decisions rationally with no or minimum stochastic factors. Investors will be able to see that distributing too much dividends means that the company is missing investment opportunities and that its future cash flows will be substantially less than now. While if the company retained its earnings in order to invest into projects, investors will think that the company has over invested and so that the return on its capital will be substantially less than the market average. Miller and Modigliani thought that companies could not create the impression that they are better than what they are in reality. For several reasons, there are many people nowadays that do not believe in Miller and Modigliani, one of the possible reasons for that is the fact that financial markets are not frictionless and investors are not totally rational. In the financial markets, there are many short-sighted investors that prefer to get profit as soon as possible without paying any real value to the future cash flow of the firm. But the supporter of Miller and Modigliani argue that institutional investors watch the payout policy of the firm very carefully and analyze the activities of the firm in a very good way so institutional investors do know the value of the firm exactly. Although Miller and Modigliani do not see any difference in the value of the firm no matter what payout policy the firm follows; there are many people who think that having high payout policy is much better than retaining funds because high payout policy attracts institutional investors who are able to monitor the company and give a more precise valuation to the value of the company and its credit quality. Trojanowski, G(2004) thinks that the company is really in typical type I error and type II error dilemma, if the company adapted high payout policy towards so it became cash constraint the company might miss profitable investment opportunity( type II error), but if the company retained cash and invested in unprofitable projects this will be type I error. Trojanowski, G(2004) thinks that this high payout policy is considered the price that should be paid to institutional investors in order to get things right and be able to give precise valuation to the company. There are several factors that determine the payout policy of a firm; we can summarize these factors as: Valuation of the company’s value, taxes, information asymmetries and contract incompleteness. 2.1 Valuation of the Firm’s shares: The value of the firm itself play a substantial role in the payout policy for any company, if the firm’s shares are undervalued, companies’ tend to buyback their share prices in order to make use of the undervalued share price, this will improve the share price and encourage investors to invest more in the shares of the particular company. Share buyback play the merger acquisition impact on share prices, in the case of merger and acquisition, a company comes forward to buy the shares of an undervalued company, this normally leads to a hike in the share prices of both companies. In the case of share buyback, the company itself comes forward to buy its own shares, this leads as well to a hike in the share price.   The rise in share prices resulting from share repurchases will make it more difficult to other companies to buy the shares of the undervalued company because buying the shares of the undervalued company will require additional premium. The success of the share buyback process is directly related to the number of investors who come forward to sell their shares. The number of investors who come forward to sell their shares is related to the price at which the shares were bought. If the price of the bought shares was high and then fell dramatically, the buyback process will not be enough to compensate for the full loss of the invested money; Investors will rather prefer to change the management and hold it accountable for the poor results of the company.    If the fall in the price of the shares was modest and share buyback compensated the loss that investors have incurred and/or made capital gains, many investors will prefer to sell their shares and that is how the buyback process becomes successful. 2.2 Tax: According to Miller and Modigliani (1961): dividends do not affect the value of the firm: This result is based on many assumptions: taxes,   The tax system of any country will affect the payout policy of most of the companies in the world. The research that has been done on this issue refers to two facts: The first one is that companies tend to change their payout policy if the tax law changed. The second one is that: according to Kalay (1982) and Stiglitz, J, E (1983) individual investors do rebalance their portfolios quickly enough in response to tax law changes; this school of thought thinks that investors always try to follow tax avoidance strategies in order to maximize their wealth by â€Å"dividend laundering† In other words, investors will try to put pressure on their company in order to pay them in the most tax efficient way that maximizes their wealth and the value of the company. Share repurchases are very attractive way of distributing the profits of the company because they could happen at any time of the year; investors try to put pressure on the company to choose a suitable time for most of them. Share repurchases give investors the flexibility and the choice in participations, investors might choose to participate in the share repurchase if they feel that their overall tax liabilities will become less. Investors could defer their tax payments to make their own decision of when to sell in order to maximize their total wealth. Of course, shareholders can sell their shares in the market if they want cash as a tax Advantaged substitute for either share repurchases or cash dividends. In the law, the tax paid on capital gains is deferred until the shares are sold whereas any income tax on dividends is paid annually. The deferral of the capital gains tax reduces its present value. Broadly speaking dividends in the UK enjoy a less favourable tax regime than share repurchases which may give rise to something of a Dividend Policy Puzzle. Although dividends do not enjoy the same tax treatment that share repurchases have, most of the companies in the UK are still paying dividends because most of the investors are tax-exempt and companies listen to their shareholders in the UK. This point will be researched in more detail in the coming sections 2.3 Financial Structure: When companies decide to buyback their shares, they change their financial structure. Share buyback is accompanied with significant debt/equity ratio. Share repurchase does not only reduce equity but also increases debt. The leverage ratio will increase after the buyback period. The financial structure of the company has a profound impact on the payout policy. In order to understand how the financial structure affects the payout policy we need to understand the concept pf â€Å"block holders†. Block Holders are few numbers of investors who own the majority of the shares of the company. The economic literature is increasingly enforcing the fact that block holders could play a positive role in monitoring the performance of the companies that they invest in because they have a big interest in preserving and growing the capital that they have invested. Unlike small investors, block holders power is very important in keeping the management of the company doing the best it can in order to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. When companies use share buyback, it is expected that minority shareholders will sell their shares to the issuing company and not the block holders.    When that happens, small shareholders numbers will decrease and there power will be less. This will open the door for bloke shareholders to use their power in imposing what they want without listening to the minority shareholders who have less power in the board room than bloke shareholder. In that sense, we can say that changing the financial structure of the company can have a negative impact on the minority shareholders who choose to sell some of their shares to the issuing company. In many countries such as Germany, France, Italy and Hong Kong, the volume of shares to be repurchased must not exceed 10% of total shares outstanding. Firms from such countries can therefore not use repurchase programs to increase their debt-to-capital ratio dramatically and to transfer value from debt holders to shareholders. 2.4 Cash Flow: Public companies have shares that could be traded on the stock exchange, as illustrated above; investors expect return on their investments in the shape of dividends. If the company did not meet investors’ expectations, share prices will go down. Share buyback happens when the company has cash that is in excess of the company’s needs. If the company cannot pay its investors good return on their investments, it is better to return the money to the investors in the shape of share buyback. Jagannathan, Stephens and Weisbach (2000) showed that companies with excessive operating cash flows tend to distribute dividends while companies with limited operating cash flow tend to repurchase their shares. Companies with temporary excessive cash flow tend to repurchase its shares in order to distribute the excess cash flow. Companies with temporary excess cash flow tend to distribute its excess cash because the company wants to smooth its dividends policy, it is not in the company’s best interests to increase the volatility of its dividends because dividends are very important signaling tools that the market use in valuing the shares of the company, when dividends increase because of temporary excess cash and them decrease later one, share prices will become volatile and investors will try to avoid the shares of that particular company. 2.5 Agency Problem: The industrial revolution has contributed significantly to the separation of management from ownership. There is a constant crisis of trust between management and the shareholders of any public company. Under perfect conditions, the management is supposed to be working for the best interests of the shareholders, but what happens in reality is something different, the management is constantly trying to maximize its own benefits and wealth on the expense of the shareholders. The relationship between management and shareholders is not always a cooperative relationship; the relationship might well prove to be a competitive relationship.   Managers and company directors might misuse the funds of the shareholders; directors might use the money of the shareholders in increasing their salaries, pensions and other allowances instead of paying this money to the shareholders in the form of dividends or share buyback. When company directors choose to use the excess funds that they have in buying back the shares of the investors or in other words returning their money, the trust between the investors and the company directors increases significantly. Share buyback proves that there is a wise management in that particular organization; investors will see this move as maintenance to the resources of the investors. Company directors that choose to invest the excess cash that they have in non-profitable projects will be seen in the financial markets as not reliable; investors will know that the top management of that company is not sound.  Ã‚   Some school of thoughts claim that share buybacks are bad for the minority shareholders if they are not accompanied with the selling of the shares of the directors. The reason for that is the fact that company directors own shares and share options in the company and if the company made a share buyback, the share of directors and managers in the company will increase and this will open the door for possible misuses. Many economists recommend that share buyback has to be accompanied by the selling of the shares of the directors in order to keep a sound management system in the corporation, Siu, J Weston, F(2002). Finally, Share repurchases can violate the interests of the last majority of uninformed shareholders when only inside shareholders have information about the exact timing of repurchase transactions and the amount that the issuing company will purchase. Insiders could use that knowledge to dispose of their shares at a higher price than under normal market conditions, IKENBERRY/VERMAELEN 1996. This illegal action would cause a wealth transfer from outside shareholders to inside shareholders and if anticipated by outside shareholders should lead to a negative announcement effect. 2.6 Signaling: Share buyback are used a signaling tool, dividends convey information about the future cash flow of the company. Motivations are normally in line with shareholders’ interests; this includes the attempt by management to convey to investors that the true value of their corporation’s equity exceeds its current market value. Such a signal might be based on management’s believe that the true mean of the probability distribution of the firm’s future cash flows is actually higher than perceived by the market or alternatively, that the true variance of future returns is higher than expected, holding the distribution mean constant, DANN (1981) We have two cases depending on the prices of the financial assets of the company:    In the first case, all of the firm’s risky securities appear to be undervalued. In the latter case, only equity claims appear to be undervalued, whereas claims in the form of risky debt might in fact be overvalued. Share repurchases could actually lead to a re-distribution of debt holders’ wealth to the benefit of shareholders. It is typically assumed that insiders which are the company’s management and directors know a lot more information about the company’s cash flow situation than insiders. However, any straight public announcement by the board of directors that it considers its firm’s shares to be undervalued generally lacks credibility because there might be other hidden motives to the management. Outside investors cannot distinguish between true and misleading announcements because they do not have all the information about the company. They will perceive of all undervaluation announcements as try to hide the truth about share repurchases unless the company produces evidence that undervaluation is the real motivation for share repurchases.    Share repurchase announcements cause two types of costs to overvalued firms. Firstly, firms that repurchase overvalued shares must understand that the share price will decline to its true intrinsic value as soon as possible, so that the company would have paid too much for its shares. Secondly, firms that announce to repurchase shares but then decide not to do so might see their general reputation for honest capital market communication deteriorate because the company’s public relations status with the company will be shaken. Depending on the legal and regulatory restrictions for share repurchase programs, such firms also risk that authorities initiate investigations of price manipulation. Given these potential costs, share repurchase announcements can be used as a clear signal to enhance the reputation and the credibility of an undervaluation signal. Such credible signals should then lead to an appreciation in stock price and benefit the investors who are welling to sell their shares. Share buyback will convey a message to investors that the company has few good projects (NPV Share buyback indicate that the financial situation of the company is not strong enough in order to meet the expectations of the investors. When the company chooses to pay its investors by distributing dividends, it gives the signal that it has many good projects (NPV>0), and the company believes that it could create capital gains to investors without seeking refuge to share buyback. 2.7 Employee incentive plans: The company might seek to purchase its own shares in order to finance its employee incentive plans. In the current capitalist system, many companies realized that empowering employees is the best way to align the interests of the employees with the interest of the company. Through the history, the management and the employees were always at odds and that caused many strikes and struggle within the company. Many companies found out that the future organizations of the companies should depend on giving employees the initiative and turning them into an asset rather than looking at them as a liability or an expense. This process has been triggered by the introduction of new technologies that enabled top managements to cut the middle management and give the authorities of the middle management to the employees that the technology will help them to perform their tasks in a more efficient way without the direct supervision of the middle management. This process could not be achieved without giving employees shares in the company and make them real partners in the organizations. When employees get share of the profit they will work harder than before and that will benefit the whole organization and the society. Share repurchases are one of the best ways to turn the employees into an asset since share repurchases happen when the share price is relatively cheap, share repurchases provide a very cheap way to finance the employee share scheme and create a wholly new organization that depends on mutual trust between management and employees rather than struggle between them. 2.8 Convertible bonds execution: Convertible bonds are defined as bonds that pay a regular coupon for their buyer, the price of bonds will depend on two main things: interest rates and credit quality of the issuer. Convertible bonds combine the feature of bonds and shares at the same time. We all know that companies give their investors the option to convert their bonds into common shares at any time they want in order to make their bonds more attractive to investors and give investors the flexibility in choosing the investment tools that they foresee suitable to their investment strategy. We all know that shares and bonds are two different products that offer two different profit and loss opportunities. Most of the times, shares and bonds markets work at odds. When interest rates are low share prices seem to be a better investment opportunity than bonds because they offer better return on investment. When interest rates are high bonds seem to be a better investment opportunity than shares because they offer better return on capital. Many companies encourage investors to invest with them by giving them the option( this option is called call option) to convert their bonds to shares. When the company has a shortage of shares the company will have to buy them directly from the market in order to meet its investor’s requirements of converting bonds into shares. 2.9 Trade shares: Trading shares might be the motive for share repurchases in the UK and elsewhere in the developed world. When the market is depressed and the share prices reflect less than their fair value many companies will resort to buying their own shares in order to sell them later at a higher price. When big companies believe that their shares are under-estimated, they invest the excess cash that they have in themselves in order to encourage more investors to buy their shares and when the market prices of the shares goes up the issuing companies will resell them at profit. Investors will benefit from this share repurchase by two ways: Investors will be able to sell some of their shares at higher price and make profit from that. Investors will benefit from the higher dividends that their company will pay them as a result of re-selling the shares at higher price.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Share repurchase might aim as well to reduce the volatility of the share and stabilize its price. Share trading s not as easy as it might seem, there are regulations that govern the ability of the company to buy/sell its own stocks. 2.10 Destroy shares: There are two reasons to destroying shares: The first one is to change the ownership structure and the second one is to increase the wealth of the shareholders. Change the ownership structure: When the company buys its own shares in order to destroy them, it destroy with the shares the voting right, we all know that owning one share means owning one vote, this means that destroying one share means destroying one vote. According to Pindur, D Lucke, M (no date given) the management might find it very cost effective to have homogenous shareholders rather than heterogeneous shareholders, that’s why the company offers share repurchases and destroys shares. In that case, the company will offer investors what is called a â€Å"controlled premium†, which is a premium that is paid above the market price in order to lure investors to sell their shares. Wealth creation for investors: The best measure to wealth creation is the Economic Value Added; Economic Value Added is defined as the operating after tax profit minus a charge for the opportunity cost of the invested capital. When the company wants to maximize its shareholders wealth by buying and destroying the shares directly from the market the company will resort to the following measures: Decrease the weighted average cost of capital (WACC): we all know that the weighted average cost of capital depends on two major elements which are shares and bonds: the average cost of bonds is the interest rate that is paid to the bondholder, the average cost of shares will depend on the risk premium that is required by shareholders to compensate them for the risk of losing their invested principle; when the company buys its own stock it reduces the weight of equity in the mix of capital, so the weighted average cost of capital will be less and that is how the wealth of the shareholders will increase if the company bought the shares from the market and destroyed them; reducing the weighted average cost of capital means that producing the same profits or more with less costs of capital, this is a real sign of improvement in the situation of the company, the issuing company has to be careful that reducing the number of outstanding shares might mean that share prices will go up in ord er to satisfy the demand on the shares of the company, especially when shares get less, the dividends get better, this might increase the demand on shares, that is why management is always advised to reduce the amount of shares and debt in the same percentage in order to leave prices of shares and bonds relatively stable, the opposition to share buyback comes from debt holders especially those with unsecured debt, the reason for that is the fact that when shares decreases this means that capital has decreased and this means that if the company went bankrupt there will be no enough capital to cover the value of the debt, while shareholders will be the least losers from bankruptcy, again that is another reason why companies are advised to buy shares and bonds at the same time and keep its leverage ratio stable during the time, A third and final reason for advising companies to buy shares and bonds at the same time is the reason that many companies offer convertible bonds which could b e converted at any time to certain number of shares, if the company did not buy shares and bonds at the same time and share prices went up, convertible bond investors might find it more profitable to convert their bonds to shares and in this situation the company will find itself in front of two options the first one wither buying more shares to convertible bond investors from the market and that would mean paying high prices for them or issuing new shares again and that would make share repurchases pointless. Increase the return on invested capital (ROIC): this idea is very related to what we explained before about type I error and type II error, in other words the company will take decisions regarding the best investment opportunities that are available, it is assumed that the company will select the projects that maximize the return on invested capital and return the excess cash to the investors in the shape of share repurchases, this process will maximize the return on equity to the maximum, we all know that the marginal propensity to capital will increase rapidly at the beginning of the investment and after that the amount of increase will de-accelerate until it the marginal propensity to capital reaches zero and then it starts to decline.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase the growth rate: when the right amount of capital has been allocated to the most profitable projects the growth rate of the company should be maximum. 2.11 Legislative reasons: Sometimes companies in a particular country find very difficult to repurchase their stocks even if there is tax benefit from repurchasing the stock rather than distributing dividends. In the US for example, companies did not repurchase their shares until after the mid-eighties. According to Grullon, G Michaely, R(2000:PDF page 5), one of the possible reasons for that is â€Å"the risk of violating the anti-manipulative provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Indeed, after the SEC adopted a safe–harbor rule (Rule 10b-18) in 1982 that guarantees that, under certain conditions, this agency will not file manipulation charges against companies repurchasing shares on the open market, repurchase activity experienced an upward structural shift†. Grullon, G Michaely, R(2000) says that one year after the change of the SEC rule the amount of earnings that have been distributed as share repurchases tripled. In Germany for example, share repurchases are still very difficult because they need the approval of the shareholders that should be got in the Annual General Meeting. We can see clearly that regulation is a very important too in encouraging and discouraging share repurchases. 2.12 Dilute earnings: Many analysts think that share options have helped in aliening the directors’ interests with the interests of the shareholders but few people investigated how stock options change the behavior and choice of directors to distributing earnings.    There is increasing evidence that executive compensation that is usually granted in the form of stock option has a lot to do with share repurchases in the UK and the US. Accounting rules make compulsory on companies to reflect the value of the stock options that are given to directors and managers. We all know that writing an option on the shares of the company is equivalent to increasing the number of the outstanding shares. When company directors want to exercise their options, there need to acquire actual shares of the company and that would make Earnings per Share less for everybody; that is called â€Å"diluting the earnings†. Earnings per Share are the total earnings divided by the number of outstanding common shares and common shares equivalents. When earnings per share become actually less; the company will try to repurchase the shares from the market. Earnings per share will not only be less but also will cause a decline in share prices later on because EPS is used in valuing the shares. The cash that is actually used to repurchase the shares will not be deducted from the total earnings and that the company will keep its total earnings unchanged after the repurchase of the shares from the market. In order to illustrate this point further, there is a difference between EPS and diluted EPS. Diluted EPS is the total earnings of the company subtracted from the cost of share options and warrants divided by the number of outstanding common shares and equivalents. When analysts value shares they look at EPS but not diluted EPS. After share repurchases, EPS will be the same as before share repurchase EPS. So companies try to repurchase their own shares because they try to hideout the cost of share option costs. If we look at the empirical studies that have been done in this area we find that most of the studies found a correlation between stock repurchases and executive’s share options. According to Lambert, Lanen, and Larcker (1989), Option grants in general are associated with increased payouts and decreased earnings retention. The larger is the executives’ holding of stock options, the more apt the firm is to retain more earnings and curtail cash distributions. This finding is consistent with Fenn and Liang (2000) that   there is a well-documented finding of negative relationship between dividends and managerial stock options and. The relationship does not appear to be explained by differe

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Terrorism - Towards An Understanding :: essays research papers fc

I am in complete disagreement with Corrado and Cohen's theory of political terrorism. I believe that political terrorism is committed by dominant, aggressive males in positions of power, acting with other dominant, aggressive males for more power, money, or status, and without regard to the spiritual nature of human kind. I believe that dividing political terrorism into state or anti state terrorism, does not get to the root cause of terrorism. To uncover the true cause of terrorism, I believe involves identifying motive and personalities of those "terrorizing". In most cases it is dominant, aggressive males who hold positions of power in either the political, economic, or military arenas, and who manipulate events to suite themselves, e.g., Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, and in more recent times, Slobodon Milosovic. Those that fight against dominance and aggression, I believe should be called revolutionaries. For example, the Irish Republican Army. The North of Ireland harboured a protestant streak of dominant, aggressive males, who in attempt to hang on to power, unleashed the horrific events of Bloody Sunday, and many other uncalled for acts of aggression. These acts where sanctioned by politicians, in both the North of Ireland and England, who acted in conjunction with both the Royal Ulster Constabulary, and the British Army. On Bloody Sunday, the British soldiers deliberately aimed and killed young men, they believed most likely to be members of the Irish Republican Army, at the peaceful, albeit illegal, demonstration. "...all the deceased where men, and nine of them were under the age of 25." It was an effort to stop what has almost come to pass. A fair assembly of politicians, who represent all layers and fabrics of the society. The event is still under review. The actions of the Irish Republican Army has eventually destroyed the positions of power that the dominant, aggressive males abused. But I do not be lieve that we should label those who fought for a better life as terrorists. People who put their lives on the line for true justice, I believe should be referred to as a Revolutionaries. We are exposed to new conflicts now, almost on a daily basis, and no two situations are ever identical. This makes the breakdown of a typology extremely difficult. The typology which defines "political terrorism", according to Corrado and Cohen, has eleven different categories, in order to encompass all of the different situations. These typologies may be useful in a security setting, but in order to get to the bottom of the problem, I believe that rather than complicating the issue with many meanings, it should instead be simplified and attributed to one of two choices.

Friday, July 19, 2019

the pianist :: essays research papers

‘The Pianist’ is a film directed by Roman Polanski and based around the life of Wladyslaw Szpilman during the Nazi invasion of Poland. Roman used visual techniques in the opening scenes such as black and white film, camera positioning and motifs to create an atmosphere for the audience. The first scene in the film is a montage of grainy black and white scenes of Polish life before the Nazi invasion on Poland. The footage shows a dated world with old English style building and technology, people are shown walking about the town in aged clothing. The grainy dated look of the film also makes the scenes appear gloomy but relaxed at the same time. These images are used to drive the notion that it is set in a time long ago, in a different era. This scene is a critical part in the film as it refines the time and emotion, in which the film is set, so the audience can relate better to the characters and what is happening to them. Wladyslaw Szpilman is shown in almost every scene at the beginning of the film. This helps us get a better understanding of Szpilman as we can see how he reacts to the situations he gets placed in. When the Szpilman family got notices of rules they would react to the situation and do what they could. Most of the time Wladyslaw was shown in the centre of the scene and things would happen around him. This shows us that Wladyslaw was strong willed and single minded as he resisted the controls of the Nazi. He does not want to leave his home during the invasion which also tells us that he was a dedicated to is country and would not give in that easily to the Nazis. These scenes are important as the show Wladyslaw’s character in depth. Midshots are used through out the most of the opening scenes in the film. Roman used this type of shot while the family was packing up to move out of Warsaw, listening to the radio, and arguing about what to do with the valuables. These shots were used for those scenes as it gives the audience a wide shot of what is going on in the current vicinity. It is able to show how the entire family reacts to the events that are taking place. It also allows the audience to see the expressions and emotions of the characters during the harsh and difficult times.

Abortion Cases of the 19th Century :: Essays Papers

Abortion Cases of the 19th Century Although abortions were very dangerous, as well as socially unacceptable during the nineteenth century, women were not altogether unable to obtain abortions and many suffered accusations of infanticide. Here I will present a few of the more famous cases from the period, demonstrating the occurrence of abortion, the availability of providers, and the consequences faced by those who necessitated the procedure. One case that dominated the pages of The Revolution, the paper owned by Susan B. Anthony and edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, was the sentencing of a young girl to hang for the death of her child. While not a case of abortion, the death was termed an infanticide and drew strong opinions from the public as well as both the editors. The unfortunate Hester Vaughan, an English girl living in Philadelphia, was discovered in a tiny tenement room devoid of furniture February 8, 1868, forty-eight hours after giving birth. Alone during labor, without food or heat, she was found frail and feverish with her baby dead beside her. She was immediately brought to the police and imprisoned, under the assumption that she had killed her child. For thirty dollars, she acquired the services of a lawyer by the name of Goforth and underwent a brief trial. Having never actually confessed to committing the crime, she was nonetheless sentenced to death by County Judge Ludlow, and placed in Moyamensing Prison until her execution. Once news of the case reached the public, the women of The Revolution unleashed their sympathies in article after article denouncing the indictment. In an August 6, 1868 editorial it was written: â€Å" If that poor child of sorrow is hung, it will be deliberate, downright murder. Her death will be far more horrible infanticide than was the killing of her child. She is the child of our society and civilization, begotten and born of it, seduced by it, by the judge who pronounced her sentence, by the bar and jury, by the legislature that enacted the law (in which because a woman, she had no vote or voice), by the church and the pulpit that sanctify the law and deeds, of all these will her blood, yea, and her virtue too, be required! All these were the joint seducer, and now see if by hanging her, they will also become her murderer.† However, Hester never had to face the day of her execution and instead spent nearly two years in jail.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Disney Case Essay

The Walt Disney Company, founded in 1923, has been revolutionary in the American animation industry with the debut of Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie to be the very first cartoon ever with synchronized sound. In 1954, the company expanded and developed its very own television program known as The Wonderful World of Disney. Later on in the decade, the company further expanded beyond film and television to open amusement parks featuring characters from their beloved film and television series. Since then the company has further grown, deriving revenue from entertainment assets and consumer products and foods aimed at children. In 2004, The Walt Disney Company found itself in the middle of a maelstrom, specifically regarding nutrition levels of their consumer foods. The company was subject to growing criticism from activists, parents and governments around the world who believed that packaged good manufactures, fast food companies and media outlets that advertised Disney products were contributing to the growing obesity epidemic. Disney Consumer Products (DCP), a division of The Walt Disney Company responsible for product development and marketing of Disney-branded merchandise has seen this controversy as an opportunity to reconsider their entire range of food products. Change is being implemented to transition the Disney brand from a large confectionery collection of foodinto one that offers a balanced nutritional diet. In regarding this issue, it is recommended Disney take an active approach and collaborate with their television channel in reaching out to children and teaching them the importance and advantages of healthy eating. As the Disney Channel garners a lot of views, this avenue will reach a wide amount of viewers and may be a positive influence with children. Another recommendation would be to maximize the leverage of the popularity of Disney characters by associating them with healthy eating. This would be similar to the idea of the Popeye character whose strength mainly comes from spinach. As well, it is also recommended that Disney employ a Healthy Food Campaign aimed at parents to establish credibility with them and the government to demonstrate that Disney is taking an active step to help reduce the obesity epidemic. Issue Statement In 2004, health experts have characterized childhood obesity in the United States as epidemic and Europe as not far behind. The dramatic increases in childhood obesity and growing concern from activists, parents and the government have caused The Walt Disney Company to consider the nutritional value of their food products. DCP managers have realized that the company needs to establish credibility with the U.S. government, parents and nutritionists, however, this is a significant challenge due to the company’s existing licensing deals with various candy and treat manufactures and long-standing role as a toy supplier for McDonald’s who is also under constant attack as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic. Though nobody expects Disney to solve the problem of childhood obesity single handedly, it is expected from Disney to at least take initiative and use its brand strength to reach children. Situational Analysis SWOT The 4 P’s (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) Product: Disney has a great variety of products divided into 5 categories: main meal, side dish, snacks, drinks, and treats. In each category, there are a number of food products with 15% of all products can be classified as treats with the rest of the 85% falling in the other 4 categories. As well, Disney has placed an emphasis on the quality of the goods under the Disney brand. A conducted research shows that mothers appreciated the fact that the products offered under the Disney brand were of high quality. This emphasis on high quality standards has continually positioned the company as the preferred food distributor. Price: Though the retailers sell the products at the normal market price, there exists an extra cost of royalty charged by the company for the advertising effect. Disney wants to be affordable so measures have been taken to reduce costs. Place: Disney has marketed their products through supermarkets such as Wal-Mart, Albertsons, and Safeway. 3 distribution channels have been used: Licensing, sourcing and Direct-to-retail. These channels bring in large steady streams of revenue without much cost. Promotion: Many promotion strategies have been implemented by DCP such as the sticker promotion on various fruits, which have generated a lot of interest in young children. The 5 C’s (Company, Competitor, Collaborator, Context, Customer) Company – Disney, DCP Potential internal strengths:Potential internal weaknesses: -Corporation brand name has powerfully distinguished itself nationwide as one of the best in the entertainment business -Well-known brand name that has lead to high brand loyalty; synonymous with fun and magic -Disney has held the top spots for the world’s most valuable franchise characters. -DCP is the world’s largest licensor -Children are very well familiar with Disney characters-Licensing with McDonalds and various candy and treat manufacturers -Growing criticism from activists, parents and governments around the world about contribution to the growing obesity epidemic -Does not own their own manufacturing Competitor – Entertainment brands DisneyNickelodeonSesame workshopWarner bros. CharactersMickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, etc. SpongeBob, Dora the Explorer, etc. Elmo, Grover & Cookie MonsterHarry Potter, Looney Tunes CollaborationKroger, Safeway, Albertson’s, Wal-MartLicensing partnershipDel Monte FoodsReady Pac NetworkFilm & Television programNickelodeon channelSesame Street public television program —– Conceptâ€Å"Better for You†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Every fruit a kid would want to eat with Nickelodeon character† â€Å"Healthy Habits for Life†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Healthier Snack Alternative† & â€Å"The Original Kid Pleasin’, mom-lovin’ dippity delicious snack!†

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Electronic Waste

electronic cop From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the EC directive, confab deplete galvanic and electronic Equipment Directive. imperfect and obsolete electronic equipment. electronic shove off, e- screw up, e-scrap, or bolt out electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes fling electrical or electronic devices. at that redact is a lack of consensus as to whether the margin should apply to resale, employ, and refurbishing in trunkries, or only to crossroad that set up non be utilize for its int residuumed purpose.Informal bear on of electronic waste in phylogeny countries whitethorn ca social function serious wellness and pollution problems, though these countries be in like manner nigh(prenominal) plausibly to apply and furbish up electronics. whatever electronic scrap functions, such(prenominal) as CRTs, may film contaminants such as lead, candle, beryllium, orbrominated kindle retardants. Even in developed countries cycle and dis posal of e-waste may involve signifi seatt risk to workers and communities and dandy c be must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in cycle operations and leaching of secular such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.Scrap manufacture and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution. citation takeed circumscribe hide 1 Definitions 2 paradoxs 3 orbicular throw issues 4 E-waste concern o4. 1 recycle o4. 2 Consumer aw beness efforts o4. 3 Processing techniques o4. 4 Benefits of cycle 5 electronic waste substances o5. 1 uncivilised o5. 2 Gener eithery non-hazardous 6 believe as tumefy 7 References 8 be slopes reading 9 External colligate editDefinitionsHoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India electronic waste may be defined as toss come forth computers, portion electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, brisk phones, television sets andrefrigerators. Th is definition admits hire electronics which argon destined for use, resale, salvage, re lick, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working and doctor upable electronics) and lowly scrap (copper, steel, plastic, and so ontera to be commodities, and seize the bound waste for resi collectible or material which is dumped by the buyer preferably than recyc lead, including residue from reuse and recycle operations. Because wads of superabundance electronics atomic number 18 frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), approximately(prenominal) public form _or_ system of government advocates apply the term e-waste broadly to whole(prenominal) surplus electronics. Cathode beam tubes (CRT) atomic number 18 considered one of the stiffest types to recycle. 1 CRTs confirm comparatively high concentration of lead and phosphors ( non to be confused with phosphorus), twain of which argon undeniable for the unc all oer.The fall in evinces enviro nsal Protection substance (EPA) allow ins throw away CRT monitors in its stratum of hazardous househ obsolescent waste2 besides considers CRTs that rich person been set aside for examination to be commodities if they are non dis railcarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from brave and different equipment casualty. Debate continues over the attri thate mingled with commodity and waste electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately expiration difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in lade of working equipment (though this may too asseverate up done ignorance, or to avoid to a greater extent(prenominal) tollly treatment influencees).Protectionists may reach bulge the definition of waste electronics in wander to protect home(prenominal) markets from working substitute(prenominal) equipment. The high protect of the computer recycle subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like RAM) fag help pay the cost of transportation for a openhandedr issuance of worth little pieces than can be achieved with discover devices, which cast off less (or negative) scrap think of. In A 2011 report, gold coast E- wipe out nation juristic opinion,3 found that of 215,000 scores of electronics merchandise to gold coast, 30% were brand parvenue-made and 70% were used.Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published exclusively uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were existence burn marked in primitive conditions. editProblems A fragment of discarded dress circle control board Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, chief executive officer of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a rapidly expanding issue. 4Technical upshots are available, and in most cases a legal framework, a collection dust, logistics, and an some(prenominal) some other(prenominal) run need to be employed in advance a technical solution can be applied. Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), Processors (CPU chips, RAM), and sound components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently out-dated (by software) and are more(prenominal) likely to become e-waste, objet d guile scalawagboyantry units are most often replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation appetites for new display technology.An estimated 50 one million million million tons of E-waste are produced each year. citation needed The USA discards 30 million computers each year and carbon million phones are disposed of in atomic number 63 each year. The environmental Protection function estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electron ics go right absent into landfills and incinerators. 5 According to a report by UNEP titled, recycle from E- gaga to Resources, the tote up of e-waste being produced including industrious phones and computers could rise by as oft as 500 percent over the abutting decade in some(prenominal) countries, such as India. 6 The United States is the creation leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away close 3 million tons each year. 7 China already produces closely 2. 3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, indorsement only to the United States. And, despite having outlaw e-waste imports, China remains a study e-waste dumping ground for developed countries. 7 Electrical waste fills hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics. 89 mend at that place is agreement that the number of discarded electronic de vices is increasing, there is considerable discord almost the relative risk (compared to railroad car scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrict the trade have drive reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintentional consequences. 10 editGlobal trade issues See also Electronic waste by country Electronic waste is often exported to ontogenesis countries. 4. -volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries. One theory is that plusd economy of electronic waste and line of work over the surroundal harm in rise economies make ups an sparing disincentive to remove residues precedent to export. Critics of trade in used electronics restrain that it is still too easy for brokers trade themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countrie s, such as China,11 India and parts of Africa, therefore avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode barb tubes (the touch of which is expensive and difficult).The developing countries have become unhealthful dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of outside(a) trade point to the success of delightful trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led to creation of sustainable jobs, and can make for affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher. Defenders of the tradewho? in used electronics say that extraction of metals from utter(a) mining has been shifted to developing countries. cycle of copper, eloquent, gold, and other materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment than mining.They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a lost art in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a room to development. South Korea, Taiwan, and sou thern China all excelled in finding retained honour in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a threat to established manufacturing, and aboveboard protectionism explains some comment of the trade.Works like The wipe out Makers by Vance Packard explain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ostracize on import of tested working Pentium 4 laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan. Opponents of surplus electronics exports manage that lower environmental and cranch standards, cheap task, and the relatively high value of cured knifelike materials leads to a conveyancing of pollution-generating activities, such as smelting of copper telegraph.In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and discordant African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for pro cessing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to developing nationsas dumping grounds for e-waste. 4 Because the United States has not ratified the Basel ruler or its Ban Amendment, and has few domestic federal laws forbidding the export of cyanogenic waste, the Basel accomplish intercommunicate estimates that to the highest degree 80% of the electronic waste enjoin to recycling in the U. S. does not get recycled there at all, but is put on learner ships and sent to countries such as China. 12131415 This unwashed fig is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the wreak of Scrap recycle Industries, and the homo Reuse, location and Recycling standstill. Independent enquiry by Arizona State University showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituent materials they breaked, and that the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as opposed to recycling. 16 Guiyu in the Sha ntou region of China, Delhi and Bangalore in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site costly Accra, Ghana have electronic waste processing areas. 121718 Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospherical pollution, or even water pollution either by immediate unloose or due tosurface runoff (especially near coastal areas), as well as health problems including occupational guard duty and health personal set up among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in highly polluting, primitive recycling technologies, extracting the metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste.Recent stu go bys show that 7 out of 10 children in this region have too practically lead in their blood. citation needed Proponents of the trade say growth of lucre glide path is a stronger correlation to tr ade than poverty. Haiti is poor and closer to the port of unseasoned York than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in scorn in developed countries.Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, and internet access, or selliery them to deal with even less principled suppliers. In a series of vii articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many an(prenominal) of these computer repair and scrap detachment activities as objectively sustainable. 19 Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and popular method is simply to toss equipment onto an bold fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away unvaluable metals.This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These ruinous fumes include dioxinsand furans. 20 Bonfire repudiate can be disposed of quick into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the naval or local water supplies. 1521 In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from the air of Oakland in the U. S. to Sanshui District in mainland China, was intercepted in Hong Kong by parklandpeace. 22 Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in machinate reports in India,2324 Ghana,252627 Ivory Coast,28 and Nigeria. 29 This branch has quadruple issues. Please help improve it or hold forth these issues on the talk page. This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) This section is written like a personal reflection or probe rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) What becomes contend for the United States, then, is balancing recycling discourses when considering how to implement order measures as they manifest finished divided interests. Those bear on solely closely the environment would create discourse and those concerned about the economy would as well.It is not to say that these discourses dont necessarily agree about veritable initiatives both parties might pull ahead from the same piece of legislation. That is, if the surroundingsal Commissioner in the United States put into action recycling legislation that was both sustainable and profitable, it could likely be a positive for both sides. However, because most environmental and economic advocates are privy to certain facts about the industry, they would most likely be reluctant to side with any legislation that could either be detrimental to a conflicting environment, or overly beneficial to a foreign industry or economy.By exporting e-waste to other countries, some firms in the United States may be avoiding the costs of homeland environmental degradation on one hand, but on the other are wanting(p) out on recovering spin-off materials left after they are smelted. As a result, numerous placements articulate by means of both quantitative and qualitative analysis, not only exemplifying how the differences between these perspectives are articulated, but how electronic waste legislation seemingly takes both the environmental and the economic discourse into consideration, albeit with more onus on the latter. editE-waste management editRecycling computing machine monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets forrecycling and then shrink-wrapped. 20 See also Computer recycling Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating business. Part of this phylogeny has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e. g. , conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved by dint of reuse and refurbishing.The environmental and social benefits of reuse include superfluous demand for new products and everlasting(a) raw materials (with their own environmental issues) larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing less packaging per unit availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products and diminished use of landfills. Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, lively phones, other handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold.One of the major challenges is recycling the printed move boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. Conventional method employed is automatic shredding and separation but the recycling mightiness is low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,30 and some other methods are still nether investigation. editConsumer cognisance effortsThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide see to it of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2011) ? In the US, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) urges consumers to dispose properly of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator at www. GreenerGadgets. org. This count only includes manufacturer and retailer programs that use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provide consumers impudence that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly.CEA investigate has found that 58 percent of consumers receive where to take their end-of-life of electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that level of awareness increase. Consumer electroni cs manufacturers and retailers sponsor or operate more than 5,000 recycling locations nationwide and have vowed to recycle one billion pounds annually by 2016,31 a sharp increase from ccc million pounds industry recycled in 2010. ?AddressTheMess. com is a Comedy important pro-social campaign that seeks to increase awareness of the dangers of electronic waste and to shape up recycling.Partners in the effort include Earth911. com, ECOexternal. com, and the U. S. environmental Protection Agency. Many Comedy Central viewers are early adopters of new electronics, and produce a commensurate amount of waste that can be directed towards recycling efforts. The station is also pickings steps to reduce its own environmental impact, in partnership with NativeEnergy. com, a go with that specializes in renewable energy and ascorbic acid offsets. ?The Electronics TakeBack fusion32 is a campaign aimed at protect human health and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produc ed, used, and discarded.The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, in the main through confederation promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations for consumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmentally responsible. 33 ? The Certified Electronics recycler program34 for electronic recyclers is a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates key operational and unvarying improvement elements for quality, environmental and health and condom (QEH) performance. The grassroots Silicon vale Toxics Coalition (svtc. org) focuses on promoting human health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins in technologies. ?Basel Action Network (BAN. org) is uniquely focused on addressing orbicular environmental injustices and economic inefficiency of global cyanogenic trade. It works for human rights and the environment by preve nting disproportionate dumping on a large scale. It promotes sustainable solutions and attempts to ban waste trade. It requires companies to be either ISO 14001 or R2 certified. Texas Campaign for the Environment (texasenvironment. org) works to condition grassroots support for e-waste recycling and uses community organizing to pressure electronics manufacturers and elected officials to enact maker takeback recycling policies and commit to responsible recycling programs. ?The World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a. org) is an memorial tablet dedicated to improving the quality of exported electronics, back up better recycling standards in import countries, and improving practices through Fair dish out principles. Take Back My TV35 is a protrude of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and grades television manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not. editProcessing techniques Recycling the lead from batteries. In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually prototypic involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing rig in Novi Iskar, Bulgaria the largest set of its kind in Eastern Europe. 3637 The advantages of this process are the humans ability to recognize and prevent working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and pencil eraser standards. In an alternative bulk system,38 a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated windup(prenominal) separator, with screening and granulating machines to narrate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sell to smelters or plastics recyclers.Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommel screens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a smelter. stretch forthed glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights,20 or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling. tempestuous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to excuse environmental threat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer complex body part materials. 15 Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as We move them through ogre shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your phonograph recording drive is shredded into pieces about this big, its hard to get the data off. 39 An perfect electro nic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with change magnitude cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste. Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to get used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use. editBenefits of recycling Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a ariety of materials, including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are keep and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products. It simply makes good sense and is efficient to recycle and to do our part to keep the envi ronment green. 40 editElectronic waste substances Several sizes of outlet and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison.They are all recycled in many countries since they contain lead, mercury and cadmium. Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and jewelry. 39 Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon,beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium. Elements found in dinky amounts include cadmium, mercury, and thallium. 41 Elements found in ghost amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium,lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium. Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now airing rapidly. The following are ordinary applications editHazardous Recyclers in the street in Sao Paulo, Brazil with old computers ?Americiumthe radioactive source in smoke alarms. It is known to be carcinogenic. ? mercury found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), rock music switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),42 and flat screen monitors. health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and bodybuilder weakness. environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development. ? south found in lead-acid batteries. Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, meat and throat irritation. When released in to the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. BFRs utilise as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, Deca BDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were outlaw from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were ban during the 1980s. ?Cadmium Found in sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most commons form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries.These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union ask out for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. 43 ? Lead solder, CRT mo nitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. 44 A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1. 5 pounds of lead,2 but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead. 20 ? Beryllium oxide filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,45 magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat tape drive fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers. editGenerally non-hazardous An iMac G4 that has been repurposed into alamp (photographed next to a Mac Classic and a flip phone). ?Tin solder, coatings on component leads. Copper copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads. ?Aluminium nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors. ? weigh steel chassis, cases, and fixings. ?Germanium 1950s sixties transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors). ?Silicon glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. ?Nickel nickel-ca dmium batteries. ?Lithium lithium-ion batteries. ?Zinc metal plating for steel parts. ?Gold connector plating, primarily in computer equipment. editSee also Environment penetration Electronics portal ?2000s commodities boom Basel Action Network (BAN) ?Basel Convention ?China RoHS ?Computer Recycling ?Digger gold ?E-Cycling ?e-Stewards ?eDay ?Electronics ?Electronic waste in Japan ?Green computing ?iPhone recycling ?Material safety data sheet ?Polychlorinated biphenyls ?Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) ?Retail hazardous waste ?Retrocomputing ?Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI) ?Waste ?Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Organizations ?Empa ?International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement ? Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) ?Solving the E-waste Problem World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association editReferences 1. http//www. executiveblueprints. com/aboutweee/WEEECRTandMonitor. htm 2. a b Morgan, Russell (20 06-08-21). Tips and Tricks for Recycling mature Computers. SmartBiz. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 3. Ghana e-Waste Country Assessmen. Ghana e-Waste Country sagaciousness. SBC e-Waste Africa Project. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 4. a b Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). Cash For Laptops Offers Green Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers. Green engine room (Norwalk, computerized axial tomography Technology Marketing flock). Retrieved 2009-03-17.In Opinion. bailiwick burden For Electronics Recycling intelligence agency thick (National Center For Electronics Recycling). 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 5. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2012-03-13. 6. Section, United Nations News Service (2010-02-22). As e-waste mountains soar, UN urges promising technologies to protect health. United Nations-DPI/NMD UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2012-03-12. 7. a b imperative need to prepare developing countries for surges in E-Waste. 8. Kozlan, Melanie (2010-11-02). What is E-Waste & How Can I Get exempt Of It? . Four Green Steps. 9. Poison PCs and toxic TVs. 10. Ingenthron, Robin (2011-03-31). Why We Should Ship Our Electronic waste to China and Africa. Motherboard. tv. 11. Where computers go to die and kill (4/10/2006) 12. a b Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002-02-25). Exporting Harm The sophisticated gimcrackerying of Asia (PDF). Seattle and San Jose. 13. Chea, Terence (2007-11-18). America Ships Electronic Waste afield. Associated Press. 14. Slade, Giles (2006). Made To Break Technology and Obsolescence in America.Harvard University Press. 15. a b c Carroll (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National geographic snip Online. 16. Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of Computers in Peru, Ramzy Kahhat and Eric Williams, Center for Earth Systems Engineering and Management, Arizona State University, published Environmental acquir ement and Technology June 2009. 17. Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 18. Computer age leftovers. capital of Colorado Post. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 19. Minter, Adam. Shanghai Scrap. Wasted 7/7. The Atlantic. Retrieved March 7, 2011. 20. a b c d Royte, Elizabeth (2005-08-01). E-gad Americans discard more than 100 million computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As e-waste piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the environment. . Smithsonian Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 21. Computer waste disposal in China (WMV). CBC News. 22. Illegal e-waste opened. Greenpeace International. 23. E-Trash Industry Poses Hazards to Workers. 24. British bare mess. BBC News. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 25. Electronic Waste in Ghana.YouTube. 26. Poisoning the poor Electronic Waste in Ghana. Greenpeace International. 27. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 2 8. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 29. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 30. Yuan, C. , Zhang, H. C. , McKenna, G. , Korzeniewski, C. , and Li, J. data-based Studies on Cryogenic Recycling of strikeed duty tour Board, International Journal of modernistic Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 34, 2007, pp. 657666 31. http//ecyclingleadershipinitiative. com/index. html 32. http//www. electronicstakeback. com 33. How to Find a creditworthy Recycler. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. 34. http//www. certifiedelectronicsrecycler. com 35. Take Back My TV. 36. 40 Million BGN Invested In Bulgarias 1st Appliances Recycle Plant. Sofia News Agency. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 37. Bulgaria Opens Largest WEEE Recycling milling machinery in Eastern Europe. Ask-eu. com. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 38. http//simsrecycling. com/news-and-resources/audio-and-video 39. a b Haffenreffer, David (200 3-02-13). Recycling, the Hewlett-Packard Way. Financial Times(CNN). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 40. Benefits of Recycling 41. Chemical fact sheet thallium. Spectrum Laboratories. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 42. Question 8. 43. . http//www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/cd. htmixzz1MpuZHWfr. 44. CollectiveGood and Environmental Issues. 45. Becker, Greg Lee, Chris Lin, Zuchen (July 2005). Thermal conductivity in advanced chips Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages. move Packaging 24. Retrieved 2008-03-04. editFurther reading ?Hicks, C Dietmara, R. , Eugsterb, M. (2005). The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in Chinalegislative and market responses. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 (5) 459471. doi10. 1016/j. eiar. 2005. 04. 007. ISSN 01959255. ?Scrapping the sophisticated Myth Computer waste in India. India Toxics Link. February 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ?Ogunseitan, O. A. , Schoenung, J. M. , Saphores, J-D. M. , and Shapiro, A. A. (2009). The Electronics Revolution From E-Wonderland to E-Wasteland. . Science 326 670671. doi10. 1126/science. 1176929. editExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media connect to Electronic waste RECYCLING FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES (UN Environmental Program, 2009, 120 pages) ? EMPA E-waste Guide ?World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association ?Carroll, Chris (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National Geographic Society. ?Disposal of senior Computer Equipment ?WEEE Forum show ?V ?T ?E Waste and waste management show ?V ?T ?E Recycling View page ratings Rate this page Whats this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) Submit ratings Categories Electronic waste Create account Log in Article Talk Read trim back View history Main page Contents Featured content reliable events Random article Donate to Wikipedia interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages Catala Cesky Dansk Deutsch Espanol Euskara Francais Italiano Nederlands Portugues Slovenscina Svenska Turkce This page was last circumscribed on 23 August 2012 at 2031. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additive terms may apply. See hurt of use for details.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. Unfortunately, electronic discards is one of the hurrying growing segments of our nations waste stream. With the passage of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 , certain po