Electronic Waste

electronic cop From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the EC directive, confab deplete galvanic and electronic Equipment Directive. imperfect and obsolete electronic equipment. electronic shove off, e- screw up, e-scrap, or bolt out electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes fling electrical or electronic devices. at that redact is a lack of consensus as to whether the margin should apply to resale, employ, and refurbishing in trunkries, or only to crossroad that set up non be utilize for its int residuumed purpose.Informal bear on of electronic waste in phylogeny countries whitethorn ca social function serious wellness and pollution problems, though these countries be in like manner nigh(prenominal) plausibly to apply and furbish up electronics. whatever electronic scrap functions, such(prenominal) as CRTs, may film contaminants such as lead, candle, beryllium, orbrominated kindle retardants. Even in developed countries cycle and dis posal of e-waste may involve signifi seatt risk to workers and communities and dandy c be must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in cycle operations and leaching of secular such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.Scrap manufacture and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution. citation takeed circumscribe hide 1 Definitions 2 paradoxs 3 orbicular throw issues 4 E-waste concern o4. 1 recycle o4. 2 Consumer aw beness efforts o4. 3 Processing techniques o4. 4 Benefits of cycle 5 electronic waste substances o5. 1 uncivilised o5. 2 Gener eithery non-hazardous 6 believe as tumefy 7 References 8 be slopes reading 9 External colligate editDefinitionsHoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India electronic waste may be defined as toss come forth computers, portion electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, brisk phones, television sets andrefrigerators. Th is definition admits hire electronics which argon destined for use, resale, salvage, re lick, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working and doctor upable electronics) and lowly scrap (copper, steel, plastic, and so ontera to be commodities, and seize the bound waste for resi collectible or material which is dumped by the buyer preferably than recyc lead, including residue from reuse and recycle operations. Because wads of superabundance electronics atomic number 18 frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), approximately(prenominal) public form _or_ system of government advocates apply the term e-waste broadly to whole(prenominal) surplus electronics. Cathode beam tubes (CRT) atomic number 18 considered one of the stiffest types to recycle. 1 CRTs confirm comparatively high concentration of lead and phosphors ( non to be confused with phosphorus), twain of which argon undeniable for the unc all oer.The fall in evinces enviro nsal Protection substance (EPA) allow ins throw away CRT monitors in its stratum of hazardous househ obsolescent waste2 besides considers CRTs that rich person been set aside for examination to be commodities if they are non dis railcarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from brave and different equipment casualty. Debate continues over the attri thate mingled with commodity and waste electronics definitions. Some exporters are accused of deliberately expiration difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in lade of working equipment (though this may too asseverate up done ignorance, or to avoid to a greater extent(prenominal) tollly treatment influencees).Protectionists may reach bulge the definition of waste electronics in wander to protect home(prenominal) markets from working substitute(prenominal) equipment. The high protect of the computer recycle subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like RAM) fag help pay the cost of transportation for a openhandedr issuance of worth little pieces than can be achieved with discover devices, which cast off less (or negative) scrap think of. In A 2011 report, gold coast E- wipe out nation juristic opinion,3 found that of 215,000 scores of electronics merchandise to gold coast, 30% were brand parvenue-made and 70% were used.Of the used product, the study concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published exclusively uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were existence burn marked in primitive conditions. editProblems A fragment of discarded dress circle control board Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, chief executive officer of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a rapidly expanding issue. 4Technical upshots are available, and in most cases a legal framework, a collection dust, logistics, and an some(prenominal) some other(prenominal) run need to be employed in advance a technical solution can be applied. Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), Processors (CPU chips, RAM), and sound components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently out-dated (by software) and are more(prenominal) likely to become e-waste, objet d guile scalawagboyantry units are most often replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation appetites for new display technology.An estimated 50 one million million million tons of E-waste are produced each year. citation needed The USA discards 30 million computers each year and carbon million phones are disposed of in atomic number 63 each year. The environmental Protection function estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electron ics go right absent into landfills and incinerators. 5 According to a report by UNEP titled, recycle from E- gaga to Resources, the tote up of e-waste being produced including industrious phones and computers could rise by as oft as 500 percent over the abutting decade in some(prenominal) countries, such as India. 6 The United States is the creation leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away close 3 million tons each year. 7 China already produces closely 2. 3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, indorsement only to the United States. And, despite having outlaw e-waste imports, China remains a study e-waste dumping ground for developed countries. 7 Electrical waste fills hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics. 89 mend at that place is agreement that the number of discarded electronic de vices is increasing, there is considerable discord almost the relative risk (compared to railroad car scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrict the trade have drive reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintentional consequences. 10 editGlobal trade issues See also Electronic waste by country Electronic waste is often exported to ontogenesis countries. 4. -volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries. One theory is that plusd economy of electronic waste and line of work over the surroundal harm in rise economies make ups an sparing disincentive to remove residues precedent to export. Critics of trade in used electronics restrain that it is still too easy for brokers trade themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countrie s, such as China,11 India and parts of Africa, therefore avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode barb tubes (the touch of which is expensive and difficult).The developing countries have become unhealthful dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of outside(a) trade point to the success of delightful trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led to creation of sustainable jobs, and can make for affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher. Defenders of the tradewho? in used electronics say that extraction of metals from utter(a) mining has been shifted to developing countries. cycle of copper, eloquent, gold, and other materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment than mining.They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a lost art in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a room to development. South Korea, Taiwan, and sou thern China all excelled in finding retained honour in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a threat to established manufacturing, and aboveboard protectionism explains some comment of the trade.Works like The wipe out Makers by Vance Packard explain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ostracize on import of tested working Pentium 4 laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by Japan. Opponents of surplus electronics exports manage that lower environmental and cranch standards, cheap task, and the relatively high value of cured knifelike materials leads to a conveyancing of pollution-generating activities, such as smelting of copper telegraph.In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and discordant African countries, electronic waste is being sent to these countries for pro cessing, sometimes illegally. Many surplus laptops are routed to developing nationsas dumping grounds for e-waste. 4 Because the United States has not ratified the Basel ruler or its Ban Amendment, and has few domestic federal laws forbidding the export of cyanogenic waste, the Basel accomplish intercommunicate estimates that to the highest degree 80% of the electronic waste enjoin to recycling in the U. S. does not get recycled there at all, but is put on learner ships and sent to countries such as China. 12131415 This unwashed fig is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the wreak of Scrap recycle Industries, and the homo Reuse, location and Recycling standstill. Independent enquiry by Arizona State University showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the constituent materials they breaked, and that the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as opposed to recycling. 16 Guiyu in the Sha ntou region of China, Delhi and Bangalore in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site costly Accra, Ghana have electronic waste processing areas. 121718 Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospherical pollution, or even water pollution either by immediate unloose or due tosurface runoff (especially near coastal areas), as well as health problems including occupational guard duty and health personal set up among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in highly polluting, primitive recycling technologies, extracting the metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste.Recent stu go bys show that 7 out of 10 children in this region have too practically lead in their blood. citation needed Proponents of the trade say growth of lucre glide path is a stronger correlation to tr ade than poverty. Haiti is poor and closer to the port of unseasoned York than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in scorn in developed countries.Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products, and internet access, or selliery them to deal with even less principled suppliers. In a series of vii articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many an(prenominal) of these computer repair and scrap detachment activities as objectively sustainable. 19 Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and popular method is simply to toss equipment onto an bold fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away unvaluable metals.This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These ruinous fumes include dioxinsand furans. 20 Bonfire repudiate can be disposed of quick into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the naval or local water supplies. 1521 In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from the air of Oakland in the U. S. to Sanshui District in mainland China, was intercepted in Hong Kong by parklandpeace. 22 Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in machinate reports in India,2324 Ghana,252627 Ivory Coast,28 and Nigeria. 29 This branch has quadruple issues. Please help improve it or hold forth these issues on the talk page. This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) This section is written like a personal reflection or probe rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) What becomes contend for the United States, then, is balancing recycling discourses when considering how to implement order measures as they manifest finished divided interests. Those bear on solely closely the environment would create discourse and those concerned about the economy would as well.It is not to say that these discourses dont necessarily agree about veritable initiatives both parties might pull ahead from the same piece of legislation. That is, if the surroundingsal Commissioner in the United States put into action recycling legislation that was both sustainable and profitable, it could likely be a positive for both sides. However, because most environmental and economic advocates are privy to certain facts about the industry, they would most likely be reluctant to side with any legislation that could either be detrimental to a conflicting environment, or overly beneficial to a foreign industry or economy.By exporting e-waste to other countries, some firms in the United States may be avoiding the costs of homeland environmental degradation on one hand, but on the other are wanting(p) out on recovering spin-off materials left after they are smelted. As a result, numerous placements articulate by means of both quantitative and qualitative analysis, not only exemplifying how the differences between these perspectives are articulated, but how electronic waste legislation seemingly takes both the environmental and the economic discourse into consideration, albeit with more onus on the latter. editE-waste management editRecycling computing machine monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets forrecycling and then shrink-wrapped. 20 See also Computer recycling Today the electronic waste recycling business is in all areas of the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating business. Part of this phylogeny has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e. g. , conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved by dint of reuse and refurbishing.The environmental and social benefits of reuse include superfluous demand for new products and everlasting(a) raw materials (with their own environmental issues) larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing less packaging per unit availability of technology to wider swaths of society due to greater affordability of products and diminished use of landfills. Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, lively phones, other handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold.One of the major challenges is recycling the printed move boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. Conventional method employed is automatic shredding and separation but the recycling mightiness is low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,30 and some other methods are still nether investigation. editConsumer cognisance effortsThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide see to it of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2011) ? In the US, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) urges consumers to dispose properly of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator at www. GreenerGadgets. org. This count only includes manufacturer and retailer programs that use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provide consumers impudence that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly.CEA investigate has found that 58 percent of consumers receive where to take their end-of-life of electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that level of awareness increase. Consumer electroni cs manufacturers and retailers sponsor or operate more than 5,000 recycling locations nationwide and have vowed to recycle one billion pounds annually by 2016,31 a sharp increase from ccc million pounds industry recycled in 2010. ?AddressTheMess. com is a Comedy important pro-social campaign that seeks to increase awareness of the dangers of electronic waste and to shape up recycling.Partners in the effort include Earth911. com, ECOexternal. com, and the U. S. environmental Protection Agency. Many Comedy Central viewers are early adopters of new electronics, and produce a commensurate amount of waste that can be directed towards recycling efforts. The station is also pickings steps to reduce its own environmental impact, in partnership with NativeEnergy. com, a go with that specializes in renewable energy and ascorbic acid offsets. ?The Electronics TakeBack fusion32 is a campaign aimed at protect human health and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produc ed, used, and discarded.The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, in the main through confederation promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations for consumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmentally responsible. 33 ? The Certified Electronics recycler program34 for electronic recyclers is a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates key operational and unvarying improvement elements for quality, environmental and health and condom (QEH) performance. The grassroots Silicon vale Toxics Coalition (svtc. org) focuses on promoting human health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins in technologies. ?Basel Action Network (BAN. org) is uniquely focused on addressing orbicular environmental injustices and economic inefficiency of global cyanogenic trade. It works for human rights and the environment by preve nting disproportionate dumping on a large scale. It promotes sustainable solutions and attempts to ban waste trade. It requires companies to be either ISO 14001 or R2 certified. Texas Campaign for the Environment (texasenvironment. org) works to condition grassroots support for e-waste recycling and uses community organizing to pressure electronics manufacturers and elected officials to enact maker takeback recycling policies and commit to responsible recycling programs. ?The World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a. org) is an memorial tablet dedicated to improving the quality of exported electronics, back up better recycling standards in import countries, and improving practices through Fair dish out principles. Take Back My TV35 is a protrude of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and grades television manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not. editProcessing techniques Recycling the lead from batteries. In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually prototypic involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing rig in Novi Iskar, Bulgaria the largest set of its kind in Eastern Europe. 3637 The advantages of this process are the humans ability to recognize and prevent working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and pencil eraser standards. In an alternative bulk system,38 a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated windup(prenominal) separator, with screening and granulating machines to narrate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sell to smelters or plastics recyclers.Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommel screens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a smelter. stretch forthed glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights,20 or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling. tempestuous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to excuse environmental threat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer complex body part materials. 15 Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as We move them through ogre shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your phonograph recording drive is shredded into pieces about this big, its hard to get the data off. 39 An perfect electro nic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with change magnitude cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste. Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to get used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use. editBenefits of recycling Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a ariety of materials, including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are keep and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products. It simply makes good sense and is efficient to recycle and to do our part to keep the envi ronment green. 40 editElectronic waste substances Several sizes of outlet and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison.They are all recycled in many countries since they contain lead, mercury and cadmium. Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and jewelry. 39 Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon,beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium. Elements found in dinky amounts include cadmium, mercury, and thallium. 41 Elements found in ghost amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium,lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium. Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now airing rapidly. The following are ordinary applications editHazardous Recyclers in the street in Sao Paulo, Brazil with old computers ?Americiumthe radioactive source in smoke alarms. It is known to be carcinogenic. ? mercury found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), rock music switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),42 and flat screen monitors. health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and bodybuilder weakness. environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development. ? south found in lead-acid batteries. Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, meat and throat irritation. When released in to the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. BFRs utilise as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, Deca BDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were outlaw from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were ban during the 1980s. ?Cadmium Found in sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most commons form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries.These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union ask out for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. 43 ? Lead solder, CRT mo nitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. 44 A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1. 5 pounds of lead,2 but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead. 20 ? Beryllium oxide filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,45 magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat tape drive fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers. editGenerally non-hazardous An iMac G4 that has been repurposed into alamp (photographed next to a Mac Classic and a flip phone). ?Tin solder, coatings on component leads. Copper copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads. ?Aluminium nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors. ? weigh steel chassis, cases, and fixings. ?Germanium 1950s sixties transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors). ?Silicon glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. ?Nickel nickel-ca dmium batteries. ?Lithium lithium-ion batteries. ?Zinc metal plating for steel parts. ?Gold connector plating, primarily in computer equipment. editSee also Environment penetration Electronics portal ?2000s commodities boom Basel Action Network (BAN) ?Basel Convention ?China RoHS ?Computer Recycling ?Digger gold ?E-Cycling ?e-Stewards ?eDay ?Electronics ?Electronic waste in Japan ?Green computing ?iPhone recycling ?Material safety data sheet ?Polychlorinated biphenyls ?Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) ?Retail hazardous waste ?Retrocomputing ?Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI) ?Waste ?Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Organizations ?Empa ?International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement ? Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) ?Solving the E-waste Problem World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association editReferences 1. http//www. executiveblueprints. com/aboutweee/WEEECRTandMonitor. htm 2. a b Morgan, Russell (20 06-08-21). Tips and Tricks for Recycling mature Computers. SmartBiz. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 3. Ghana e-Waste Country Assessmen. Ghana e-Waste Country sagaciousness. SBC e-Waste Africa Project. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 4. a b Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). Cash For Laptops Offers Green Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers. Green engine room (Norwalk, computerized axial tomography Technology Marketing flock). Retrieved 2009-03-17.In Opinion. bailiwick burden For Electronics Recycling intelligence agency thick (National Center For Electronics Recycling). 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 5. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2012-03-13. 6. Section, United Nations News Service (2010-02-22). As e-waste mountains soar, UN urges promising technologies to protect health. United Nations-DPI/NMD UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2012-03-12. 7. a b imperative need to prepare developing countries for surges in E-Waste. 8. Kozlan, Melanie (2010-11-02). What is E-Waste & How Can I Get exempt Of It? . Four Green Steps. 9. Poison PCs and toxic TVs. 10. Ingenthron, Robin (2011-03-31). Why We Should Ship Our Electronic waste to China and Africa. Motherboard. tv. 11. Where computers go to die and kill (4/10/2006) 12. a b Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002-02-25). Exporting Harm The sophisticated gimcrackerying of Asia (PDF). Seattle and San Jose. 13. Chea, Terence (2007-11-18). America Ships Electronic Waste afield. Associated Press. 14. Slade, Giles (2006). Made To Break Technology and Obsolescence in America.Harvard University Press. 15. a b c Carroll (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National geographic snip Online. 16. Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of Computers in Peru, Ramzy Kahhat and Eric Williams, Center for Earth Systems Engineering and Management, Arizona State University, published Environmental acquir ement and Technology June 2009. 17. Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 18. Computer age leftovers. capital of Colorado Post. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 19. Minter, Adam. Shanghai Scrap. Wasted 7/7. The Atlantic. Retrieved March 7, 2011. 20. a b c d Royte, Elizabeth (2005-08-01). E-gad Americans discard more than 100 million computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As e-waste piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the environment. . Smithsonian Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 21. Computer waste disposal in China (WMV). CBC News. 22. Illegal e-waste opened. Greenpeace International. 23. E-Trash Industry Poses Hazards to Workers. 24. British bare mess. BBC News. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 25. Electronic Waste in Ghana.YouTube. 26. Poisoning the poor Electronic Waste in Ghana. Greenpeace International. 27. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 2 8. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 29. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 30. Yuan, C. , Zhang, H. C. , McKenna, G. , Korzeniewski, C. , and Li, J. data-based Studies on Cryogenic Recycling of strikeed duty tour Board, International Journal of modernistic Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 34, 2007, pp. 657666 31. http//ecyclingleadershipinitiative. com/index. html 32. http//www. electronicstakeback. com 33. How to Find a creditworthy Recycler. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. 34. http//www. certifiedelectronicsrecycler. com 35. Take Back My TV. 36. 40 Million BGN Invested In Bulgarias 1st Appliances Recycle Plant. Sofia News Agency. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 37. Bulgaria Opens Largest WEEE Recycling milling machinery in Eastern Europe. Ask-eu. com. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 38. http//simsrecycling. com/news-and-resources/audio-and-video 39. a b Haffenreffer, David (200 3-02-13). Recycling, the Hewlett-Packard Way. Financial Times(CNN). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 40. Benefits of Recycling 41. Chemical fact sheet thallium. Spectrum Laboratories. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 42. Question 8. 43. . http//www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/cd. htmixzz1MpuZHWfr. 44. CollectiveGood and Environmental Issues. 45. Becker, Greg Lee, Chris Lin, Zuchen (July 2005). Thermal conductivity in advanced chips Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages. move Packaging 24. Retrieved 2008-03-04. editFurther reading ?Hicks, C Dietmara, R. , Eugsterb, M. (2005). The recycling and disposal of electrical and electronic waste in Chinalegislative and market responses. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 (5) 459471. doi10. 1016/j. eiar. 2005. 04. 007. ISSN 01959255. ?Scrapping the sophisticated Myth Computer waste in India. India Toxics Link. February 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ?Ogunseitan, O. A. , Schoenung, J. M. , Saphores, J-D. M. , and Shapiro, A. A. (2009). The Electronics Revolution From E-Wonderland to E-Wasteland. . Science 326 670671. doi10. 1126/science. 1176929. editExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media connect to Electronic waste RECYCLING FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES (UN Environmental Program, 2009, 120 pages) ? EMPA E-waste Guide ?World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association ?Carroll, Chris (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National Geographic Society. ?Disposal of senior Computer Equipment ?WEEE Forum show ?V ?T ?E Waste and waste management show ?V ?T ?E Recycling View page ratings Rate this page Whats this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) Submit ratings Categories Electronic waste Create account Log in Article Talk Read trim back View history Main page Contents Featured content reliable events Random article Donate to Wikipedia interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages Catala Cesky Dansk Deutsch Espanol Euskara Francais Italiano Nederlands Portugues Slovenscina Svenska Turkce This page was last circumscribed on 23 August 2012 at 2031. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additive terms may apply. See hurt of use for details.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. Unfortunately, electronic discards is one of the hurrying growing segments of our nations waste stream. With the passage of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 , certain po